Thrombosis is a global health issue and one of the leading factors of death. However, its diagnosis has been limited to the late stages, and its therapeutic window is too narrow to provide reasonable and effective treatment. In addition, clinical thrombolytics suffer from a short half-life, allergic reactions, inactivation, and unwanted tissue hemorrhage. Nano-medicines have gained extensive attention in diagnosis, drug delivery, and photo/sound/magnetic-theranostics due to their convertible properties. Furthermore, diagnosis and treatment of thrombosis using nano-medicines have also been widely studied. This review summarizes the recent advances in this area, which revealed six types of nanoparticle approaches: (1) in vitro diagnostic kits using “synthetic biomarkers”; (2) in vivo imaging using nano-contrast agents; (3) targeted drug delivery systems using artificial nanoparticles; (4) microenvironment responsive drug delivery systems; (5) drug delivery systems using biological nanostructures; and (6) treatments with external irradiation. The investigations of nano-medicines are believed to be of great significance, and some of the advanced drug delivery systems show potential applications in clinical theranotics.

血栓形成是一个全球性的健康问题，也是导致死亡的主要因素之一。然而，其诊断仅限于晚期，治疗窗太窄，无法提供合理有效的治疗。此外，临床溶栓剂还存在半衰期短、过敏反应、失活和不必要的组织出血等问题。纳米药物由于其可转换的特性而在诊断、药物输送和光/声/磁治疗诊断方面获得了广泛的关注。此外，利用纳米药物诊断和治疗血栓也得到了广泛的研究。本综述总结了该领域的最新进展，揭示了六种纳米颗粒方法：（1）使用“合成生物标志物”的体外诊断试剂盒； (2)使用纳米造影剂进行体内成像； (3) 使用人造纳米颗粒的靶向药物递送系统； (4)微环境响应性药物递送系统； (5)利用生物纳米结构的药物递送系统； (6)外部照射治疗。纳米药物的研究被认为具有重要意义，一些先进的药物输送系统在临床治疗学中显示出潜在的应用。