ABSTRACT Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT) are widely used antifouling booster biocides in the shipping industry as a replacement for the banned tributyltin (TBT). Sub-lethal effects of zinc pyrithione (ZnPT; 10 μg L−1), copper pyrithione (CuPT; 10 μg L−1) and combined copper–zinc pyrithione (CZPT; 5 + 5 and 10 + 10 μg. L−1) to freshwater indicator mussel Unio crassus (5.49 ± 0.85 cm in size) were determined by investigation of the total hemocyte counts, biochemical analysis mussel tissues and histopathological observations after 48-h and 7-d exposures. Mean total hemocyte counts differed significantly among all groups, for both exposure durations. In the 7 d, lipid peroxidation levels (malondialdehyde, MDA nmol g−1 wet tissue) and reduced glutathione levels (GSH μmol g−1 wet tissue) were lower than 48 h. However, there were no significant differences among groups. Total protein levels (mg mL−1) were approximately in the same range and differed only among 7-d exposure groups. The gill tissues showed hemocytic infiltration and lipofuscin like structures, while digestive gland showed loss of digestive tubules in the treatments of pyrithione compounds. Histopathological damages were most severe in the combined exposure groups. In conclusion, ZnPT, CuPT and combined CZPT5/10 are highly toxic on a freshwater indicator mussel species U. crassus.

中文翻译：

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单独的吡啶硫酮锌、吡啶硫酮铜以及与指示贻贝物种 Unio crassus Philipsson 组合的亚致死毒性，1788（双壳类，Unionidae）

摘要 吡啶硫酮锌 (ZnPT) 和吡啶硫酮铜 (CuPT) 是航运业中广泛使用的防污增效杀菌剂，可替代禁用的三丁基锡 (TBT)。吡啶硫酮锌 (ZnPT; 10 μg L-1)、吡啶硫酮铜 (CuPT; 10 μg L-1) 和铜-吡啶硫酮复合物 (CZPT; 5 + 5 和 10 + 10 μg. L-1) 的亚致死作用淡水指示贻贝 Unio crassus（大小为 5.49 ± 0.85 厘米）通过总血细胞计数、生化分析贻贝组织和暴露 48 小时和 7 天后的组织病理学观察来确定。对于两个暴露持续时间，所有组的平均总血细胞计数显着不同。在第 7 天，脂质过氧化水平（丙二醛、MDA nmol g-1 湿组织）和还原型谷胱甘肽水平（GSH μmol g-1 湿组织）低于 48 小时。然而，各组之间没有显着差异。总蛋白质水平 (mg mL-1) 大致在相同的范围内，仅在 7 天暴露组之间有所不同。鳃组织表现出血细胞浸润和脂褐素样结构，而在吡硫酮化合物处理中，消化腺表现出消化管丢失。在联合暴露组中，组织病理学损伤最为严重。总之，ZnPT、CuPT 和组合的 CZPT5/10 对淡水指示贻贝物种 U. crassus 具有高毒性。而消化腺在吡啶硫酮化合物的治疗中表现出消化管的丢失。在联合暴露组中，组织病理学损伤最为严重。总之，ZnPT、CuPT 和组合的 CZPT5/10 对淡水指示贻贝物种 U. crassus 具有高毒性。而消化腺在吡啶硫酮化合物的治疗中表现出消化管的丢失。在联合暴露组中，组织病理学损伤最为严重。总之，ZnPT、CuPT 和组合的 CZPT5/10 对淡水指示贻贝物种 U. crassus 具有高毒性。