The burden of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to ambient sulfur dioxide over 26 years.,Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering

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The burden of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to ambient sulfur dioxide over 26 years.
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering ( IF 3.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-21 , DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00464-1
Katayoun Rabiei ₁ , Nizal Sarrafzadegan ₁ , Ali Ghanbari ₂ , Mansour Shamsipour _{3,

4} , Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand ₄ , Heresh Amini _{5,

6} , Masud Yunesian _{4,

7} , Farshad Farzadfar _{2,

8}

Affiliation

1Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Rahmani Alley, Moshtagh Sevom Street, Isfahan, Iran.
2Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Eighth Floor, No. 1547, North Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran.
4Center for Air Pollution Research, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Eighth Floor, No. 1547, North Kargar Street, Tehran, Iran.
5Environmental Epidemiology Group, Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
6Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA.
7Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O.Box: 1417613151, Tehran, Iran.
8Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Introduction

Developing countries, particularly those with a rapid development, are experiencing increasing pollution by sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Despite the considerable SO₂ exposure effect on health, there is little evidence regarding this fact in Iran, as one of the largest oil and gas producing countries in the world. The present study, therefore, was designed to investigate the burden of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributed to the SO₂ exposure in Iran, over a 26-year period.

Materials and methods

All measured SO₂ levels were collected from 92 air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) in 29 cities, during 1996–2013. Since the study years were from 1990 to 2015, and also due to missing data at existing stations, the spatiotemporal model was used to estimate the exposure to this gas during this period. To calculate the burden of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, the population attributable fraction (PAF) value was calculated, and the SO₂-attributed mortality and years of life lost (YLL) were determined per province, and in the whole country.

Results

The results of this study showed that the SO₂ concentration was increased from 22.00 ppb (7.69–67.28) in 1990 to 27.81 ppb (9.88–82.27), in 2015. The lowest annual value of 11.53 ppb (4.68–32.06) and the highest value of 45.11 ppb (16.58–1226) were estimated at 2004 and 1997, respectively. There was a sinusoidal trend in the gas concentration changes. The highest occurrence of SO₂-attributed deaths due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were 0.080 (0.024–0.168) and 0.076 (0.026–0.165), and the lowest levels were 0.017 (0.004–0.044) and 0.047 (0.017–0.124), respectively.

Conclusions

According to the results in our country, the SO₂ trend was sinusoidal during 26 years, with a recurrent rise occurring after each declining period. It is recommended to design the sustainable national method policies and programs with the continuous evaluation and modification for the reduction of fossil fuel consumption and further implementation in the use of clean energy.

更新日期：2020-04-21

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