Water retention θ ( h ) and hydraulic conductivity K ( h ) are mandatory soil hydraulic properties (SHP) for consistent hydrological modeling and for an efficient irrigation management. Most commonly, SHP are determined by conventional methods (CM), based on hydrostatic equilibrium and the independent measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity, which is used as a matching point for K ( h ) function. Alternatively, inverse-modeling experiments allow simultaneous parameter estimation using data from transient water flow conditions. This study aims to investigate the implications of these two protocols on simulations of soil water content ( θ ) and crop evapotranspiration (ET), and how they affect irrigation management and scheduling for different irrigation systems and crops. The SHP obtained from CM and IM were used in simulations with the Richards equation-based SWAP hydrological model. ET and θ were simulated for passion fruit under high-frequency drip irrigation and for pasture under conventional sprinkler irrigation. The simulation performance was evaluated using measured θ and ET obtained with passion fruit under drip irrigation. Both methods (CM and IM) gave similar results in the wetter range, while in the drier soil, CM estimated higher θ than IM. These differences affected the simulated ET and irrigation scheduling. Regarding the ET and θ simulations, for the drip irrigation scenario, in which the water content in the root zone remains near saturation, both SHP determination methods produced similar results. On the other hand, for scenarios with larger irrigation intervals such as sprinkler irrigation, simulations were affected significantly, with CM likely biasing irrigation frequency and depth.

中文翻译：

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土壤水力特性的测定及其对机械模拟和灌溉管理的影响

保水性 θ ( h ) 和导水率 K ( h ) 是用于一致水文建模和有效灌溉管理的强制性土壤水力特性 (SHP)。最常见的是，SHP 由传统方法 (CM) 确定，基于流体静力平衡和饱和导水率的独立测量，用作 K ( h ) 函数的匹配点。或者，逆向建模实验允许使用来自瞬态水流条件的数据进行同步参数估计。本研究旨在调查这两个协议对模拟土壤含水量 (θ) 和作物蒸散量 (ET) 的影响，以及它们如何影响不同灌溉系统和作物的灌溉管理和调度。从 CM 和 IM 获得的小水电用于基于理查兹方程的 SWAP 水文模型的模拟。ET 和 θ 分别模拟了高频滴灌下的百香果和常规喷灌下的牧场。使用在滴灌下对百香果获得的测量 θ 和 ET 评估模拟性能。两种方法（CM 和 IM）在较潮湿的范围内给出了相似的结果，而在较干燥的土壤中，CM 估计的 θ 高于 IM。这些差异影响了模拟的 ET 和灌溉调度。对于 ET 和 θ 模拟，对于根区含水量保持接近饱和的滴灌场景，两种 SHP 确定方法产生了相似的结果。另一方面，对于喷灌等灌溉间隔较大的场景，