The two most prevalent substance use disorders involve alcohol and nicotine, which are often co-abused. Robust preclinical and translational evidence indicates that individuals initiate drug use for the acute rewarding effects of the substance. The development of negative emotional states is key for the transition from recreational use to substance use disorders as subjects seek the substance to obtain relief from the negative emotional states of acute withdrawal and protracted abstinence. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a major regulator of the brain stress system and key in the development of negative affective states. The present review examines the role of CRF in preclinical models of alcohol and nicotine abuse and explores links between CRF and anxiety-like, dysphoria-like, and other negative affective states. Finally, the present review discusses preclinical models of nicotine and alcohol use with regard to the CRF system, advances in molecular and genetic manipulations of CRF, and the importance of examining both males and females in this field of research.

中文翻译：

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促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子在酒精和尼古丁成瘾中的作用。

两种最普遍的物质使用障碍涉及酒精和尼古丁，它们经常被共同滥用。强有力的临床前和转化证据表明，个人开始使用药物是因为该物质的急性奖励作用。消极情绪状态的发展是从娱乐性使用向物质使用障碍过渡的关键，因为受试者寻求物质以从急性戒断和长期禁欲的消极情绪状态中获得缓解。神经肽促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子 (CRF) 是大脑压力系统的主要调节剂，也是负面情感状态发展的关键。本综述研究了 CRF 在酒精和尼古丁滥用的临床前模型中的作用，并探讨了 CRF 与焦虑样、烦躁样和其他负面情感状态之间的联系。最后，