To characterize the health effects of incorporated plutonium, many experiments have been conducted using different animal models. These range from (1) applied (tissue uptake/retention determination, decorporation therapy efficacy), (2) fundamental (gene expression, cancer induction), and (3) dosimetry models. In recent years, the use of animals for scientific purposes has become a public concern. The application of the 3Rs - Replace (use of alternative methods or animals not considered capable of experiencing pain, suffering, and distress), Reduce (reduction in animal numbers), and Refine (better animal welfare and minimization of suffering, pain and distress) - has increased to address ethical concerns and legislative requirements. The introduction of novel non-animal technologies is also an important factor as complementary options to animal experimentation. In radiotoxicology research, it seems there is a natural tendency to Replace given the possibility of data reuse obtained from contamination cases in man and animal studies. The creation of "registries" and "repositories" for nuclear industry workers (civil and military) is now a rich legacy for radiotoxicological measurements. Similarly, Reduction in animal numbers can be achieved by good experimental planning with prior statistical analyses of animal numbers required to obtain robust data. Multiple measurements in the same animal over time (external body counting, excreta collection) with appropriate detection instruments also allow Reduction. In terms of Refinement, this has become "de rigueur" and a necessity given the societal and legal concerns for animal welfare. For research in radiotoxicology, particularly long-term studies, better housing conditions within the constraints of radiation protection issues for research workers are an important concern. These are all pertinent considerations for the 3Rs remit and future research in radiotoxicology.

中文翻译：

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利用动物对of的放射毒理学研究：3Rs取代，还原，提纯的考虑。

为了表征掺入the的健康影响，已使用不同的动物模型进行了许多实验。这些范围包括：（1）应用的（组织摄取/保留测定，解离治疗功效），（2）基本的（基因表达，癌症诱导）和（3）剂量测定模型。近年来，出于科学目的使用动物已成为公众关注的问题。3R的应用-替代（使用不被认为能够承受疼痛，痛苦和困扰的替代方法或动物），减少（减少动物数量）和完善（更好的动物福利并最大程度地减少痛苦，痛苦和困扰） -增加了处理道德问题和立法要求的机会。新型非动物技术的引入也是动物实验的补充选择的重要因素。在放射毒理学研究中，考虑到人和动物研究中从污染案例获得的数据重用的可能性，似乎有替换的自然趋势。现在，为核工业工人（民用和军用）创建“注册表”和“存储库”是放射毒理学测量的丰富遗产。同样，减少动物数量可以通过良好的实验计划，以及对获得可靠数据所需的动物数量进行事先的统计分析来实现。随着时间的推移，使用适当的检测仪器对同一只动物进行多次测量（体外计数，排泄物收集）也可以减少。在优化方面，这已成为“