Long instrumental records are fundamental to study climate changes, but their reliability and quality have to be checked before any statistical research. Moreover, when metadata are used to solve some problems, data interpretation may change and require further work to refine the series. A thorough revision of the three-century precipitation series in Padua (1713–2018) shows that the results of previous analyses were affected by serious biases. This paper clarifies key features concerning early instruments, exposure, relocation and observational protocols. The daily analysis pointed out a number of problems, bias, irregular sampling and underestimations that have passed unobserved so far. A comparison with the parallel series of Bologna and Venice made it possible to distinguish bias from the climate signal or to reconstruct missing data. The instrumental threshold was recognized to be fundamental to determine the frequency of precipitation, but less important with respect to its amount. This paper provides a methodological example to test the goodness of long instrumental series, in particular to identify problems related to metadata and observations, which is the preliminary step to perform a sound correction and obtain a reliable series. It also includes the set of original raw data, transformed into modern units.

中文翻译：

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意大利帕多瓦三个世纪的日降水量，1713-2018 年：历史、搬迁、差距、同质性和原始数据

长期的仪器记录是研究气候变化的基础，但在进行任何统计研究之前必须检查其可靠性和质量。此外，当元数据被用来解决一些问题时，数据解释可能会发生变化，需要进一步的工作来完善系列。对帕多瓦（1713-2018 年）三世纪降水序列的彻底修订表明，先前分析的结果受到严重偏差的影响。本文阐明了有关早期仪器、暴露、重新定位和观察协议的关键特征。每日分析指出了一些迄今为止未被观察到的问题、偏差、不规则抽样和低估。与博洛尼亚和威尼斯的平行系列进行比较，可以区分气候信号的偏差或重建缺失的数据。仪器阈值被认为是确定降水频率的基础，但就其数量而言不太重要。本文提供了一个方法论示例来测试长乐器系列的优劣，特别是识别与元数据和观测相关的问题，这是进行声音校正并获得可靠系列的初步步骤。它还包括转换为现代单位的原始原始数据集。这是执行声音校正并获得可靠系列的初步步骤。它还包括转换为现代单位的原始原始数据集。这是执行声音校正并获得可靠系列的初步步骤。它还包括转换为现代单位的原始原始数据集。