Micronutrients are essential factors for human health and integral for plant growth and development. Among the micronutrients, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiency in dietary food are associated with malnutrition symptoms (hidden hunger), which can be overcome through biofortification. Different strategies, such as traditional and molecular plant breeding or application of chemical supplements along with fertilizers, have been employed to develop biofortified crop varieties with enhanced bioavailability of micronutrients. The use of microorganisms to help the crop plant in more efficient and effective uptake and translocation of Zn and Fe is a promising option that needs to be effectively integrated into agronomic or breeding approaches. However, this is less documented and forms the subject of our review. The major findings related to the mobilization of micronutrients by microorganisms highlighted the significance of (1) acidification of rhizospheric soil and (2) stimulation of secretion of phenolics. Plant–microbe interaction studies illustrated novel inferences related to the (3) modifications in the root morphology and architecture, (4) reduction of phytic acid in food grains, and (5) upregulation of Zn/Fe transporters. For the biofortification of Zn and Fe, formulation(s) of such microbes (bacteria or fungi) can be explored as seed priming or soil dressing options. Using the modern tools of transcriptomics, metaproteomics, and genomics, the genes/proteins involved in their translocation within the plants of major crops can be identified and engineered for improving the efficacy of plant–microbe interactions. With micronutrient nutrition being of global concern, it is imperative that the synergies of scientists, policy makers, and educationists focus toward developing multipronged approaches that are environmentally sustainable, and integrating such microbial options into the mainframe of integrated farming practices in agriculture. This can lead to better quality and yields of produce, and innovative approaches in food processing can deliver cost-effective nutritious food for the undernourished populations.

中文翻译：

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微生物在膳食食品中锌和铁的生物强化中的潜力。回顾

微量营养素是人类健康必不可少的要素，也是植物生长发育不可或缺的要素。在微量营养素中，膳食食品中的锌（Zn）和铁（Fe）缺乏与营养不良症状（隐性饥饿）相关，可以通过生物强化来克服。已经采用了不同的策略，例如传统和分子植物育种或化学增补剂以及肥料的应用，以开发具有增强的微量营养素生物利用度的生物强化作物品种。利用微生物来帮助农作物更有效地吸收和转运锌和铁是一种有前途的选择，需要将其有效地整合到农艺或育种方法中。但是，这方面的文献较少，因此构成了我们的审查主题。与微生物动员微量营养素有关的主要发现突出了（1）根际土壤酸化和（2）刺激酚类物质分泌的重要性。植物与微生物的相互作用研究表明了与（3）根系形态和结构的修饰，（4）食用谷物中植酸的减少以及（5）Zn / Fe转运蛋白上调相关的新推论。为了锌和铁的生物强化，可以探索这种微生物（细菌或真菌）的制剂作为种子底漆或土壤拌种的选择。使用转录组学，元蛋白质组学和基因组学的现代工具，可以鉴定和改造参与主要农作物植物易位的基因/蛋白质，从而提高植物-微生物相互作用的效率。随着微量营养素营养成为全球关注的问题，必须使科学家，政策制定者和教育学家的协同作用集中于开发在环境上可持续的多管齐下的方法，并将这种微生物选择方法纳入农业综合农业实践的主机中。这可以提高产品的质量和产量，而食品加工中的创新方法可以为营养不足的人群提供经济有效的营养食品。