The rapid expansion in shrimp farming comes with problems such as inadequate culture technology, disease outbreak, water pollution and other environmental degradation‐related problems. Prominent among these is the level of ammonia, which has been rising steadily in the last couple of years, mainly due to farming practices and other anthropogenic activities, and therefore has had consequent effects on marine life, especially shrimp. While optimal ammonia levels are a good source of nitrogen for marine phytoplankton that increases the level of dissolved oxygen in water as well serves as food for shrimp, high levels of ammonia are harmful to shrimp. When shrimp pond ammonia levels go beyond the tolerance limits, it inhibits chitinase expression, moulting, growth, phenoloxidase and haemolymph antimicrobial activity, thereby attenuating shrimp innate immune response. In this review, we bring together recent information on the effects of ammonia stress on the growth, physiology, biochemistry, ammonia‐metabolizing enzymes and immunity of shrimp. We also propose areas of research that can be explored in the breeding of new ammonia‐tolerant and disease‐resistant shrimp with robust immune and/or physiological systems that could withstand environmental stress and pathogens.

中文翻译：

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氨对虾生理和免疫力的影响

虾类养殖的快速发展伴随着养殖技术不足，疾病暴发，水污染和其他与环境退化有关的问题。其中最突出的是氨水平，在过去的几年中，氨水平一直在稳步上升，这主要是由于耕作方法和其他人为活动所致，因此对海洋生物，尤其是虾产生了影响。最佳氨水平是海洋浮游植物的良好氮源，可增加水中的溶解氧水平，也可作为虾的食物，但高含量的氨对虾有害。当虾池中的氨水平超出容许范围时，它会抑制几丁质酶的表达，蜕皮，生长，酚氧化酶和血淋巴的抗菌活性，从而减弱虾的先天免疫反应。在这篇综述中，我们收集了有关氨胁迫对虾生长，生理，生化，氨代谢酶和虾免疫力影响的最新信息。我们还提出了可以在具有强大的免疫和/或生理系统，可以承受环境压力和病原体的耐氨和抗病新虾的育种中探索的研究领域。