The dispersal potential of a species determines its abundance, distribution, and community compatibility (biocoenosis) (Kneitel and Miller 2003) but the extent and the dispersal mechanisms of many organisms, especially microbes, are largely unknown and, in some cases, based on serendipitous observations (Ptatscheck et al. 2018, Sugiura et al. 2019). The extent of dispersal depends on the type, i.e., active or passive dispersal; the latter potentially results in rather ubiquitous occurrence (Finlay 2002). Active dispersal is mainly performed by large animals (i.e., many mammals), whereas passive dispersal depends on biotic (epizoochory or endozoochory) and abiotic factors (wind, water current) that allow the dispersing organism to cover distances ranging from a few meters to several kilometers (Nkem et al. 2006, Ptatscheck et al. 2018, Sugiura et al. 2019). So far, several studies have presented various examples that show the existence of different passive dispersal mechanisms that involve active biological factors, such as those mediated by cross-kingdom (even tripartite) interactions (i.e., fungus-mites-birds, plants-fungus-insects) (Ptatscheck et al. 2018, Sugiura et al. 2019).

中文翻译：

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纤毛原生生物囊肿的散布：螨虫的共生和共生

一个物种的扩散潜力决定了它的丰度、分布和群落兼容性（生物群落）（Kneitel 和 Miller 2003），但许多生物体，尤其是微生物的范围和扩散机制在很大程度上是未知的，在某些情况下，基于偶然的观察（Ptatscheck 等人，2018 年，Sugiura 等人，2019 年）。散布的程度取决于类型，即主动散布或被动散布；后者可能导致相当普遍的发生（Finlay 2002）。主动传播主要由大型动物（即许多哺乳动物）进行，而被动传播取决于生物（外生动物或内生动物）和非生物因素（风、水流），它们使传播的生物能够覆盖几米到几米的距离公里（Nkem 等人，2006 年，Ptatscheck 等人，2018 年，杉浦等。2019）。到目前为止，一些研究提出了各种例子，表明存在涉及主动生物因素的不同被动扩散机制，例如由跨界（甚至三方）相互作用介导的机制（即真菌-螨类-鸟类、植物-真菌-昆虫）（Ptatscheck 等人，2018 年，Sugiura 等人，2019 年）。