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Impact of antimicrobial de-escalation on mortality: a literature review of study methodology and recommendations for observational studies.
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-21 , DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1743683
Inger Van Heijl 1, 2 , Valentijn A Schweitzer 2 , Paul D Van Der Linden 1 , Marc J M Bonten 2, 3 , Cornelis H Van Werkhoven 2
Affiliation  

Introduction: The safety of de-escalation of empirical antimicrobial therapy is largely based on observational data, with many reporting protective effects on mortality. As there is no plausible biological explanation for this phenomenon, it is most probably caused by confounding by indication.Areas covered: We evaluate the methodology used in observational studies on the effects of de-escalation of antimicrobial therapy on mortality. We extended the search for a recent systematic review and identified 52 observational studies. The heterogeneity in study populations was large. Only 19 (36.5%) studies adjusted for confounders and four (8%) adjusted for clinical stability during admission, all as a fixed variable. All studies had methodological limitations, most importantly the lack of adjustment for clinical stability, causing bias toward a protective effect.Expert opinion: The methodology used in studies evaluating the effects of de-escalation on mortality requires improvement. We depicted all potential confounders in a directed acyclic graph to illustrate all associations between exposure (de-escalation) and outcome (mortality). Clinical stability is an important confounder in this association and should be modeled as a time-varying variable. We recommend to include de-escalation as time-varying exposure and use inverse-probability-of-treatment weighted marginal structural models to properly adjust for time-varying confounders.

中文翻译:

抗菌药物降级对死亡率的影响:研究方法的文献综述和观察性研究的建议。

简介:经验性抗微生物治疗降级的安全性主要基于观察数据,其中许多报告了对死亡率的保护作用。由于对此现象没有合理的生物学解释,因此很可能是由于适应症引起的。覆盖范围:我们评估了抗菌治疗降级对死亡率影响的观察性研究方法。我们扩大了对最近系统评价的搜索范围,并确定了52项观察性研究。研究人群的异质性很大。只有19(36.5%)项研究针对混杂因素进行了调整,而四项(8%)因入院期间的临床稳定性进行了调整,所有这些均为固定变量。所有研究都有方法上的局限性,最重要的是缺乏对临床稳定性的调整,专家意见:评估降级对死亡率的影响的研究中使用的方法需要改进。我们在有向无环图中描绘了所有潜在的混杂因素,以说明暴露(降级)与结果(死亡率)之间的所有关联。临床稳定性是这种关联中的重要混杂因素,应将其建模为随时间变化的变量。我们建议将降级作为随时间变化的暴露包括在内,并使用逆治疗概率加权边际结构模型来针对随时间变化的混杂因素进行适当调整。我们在有向无环图中描绘了所有潜在的混杂因素,以说明暴露(降级)与结果(死亡率)之间的所有关联。临床稳定性是这种关联中的重要混杂因素,应将其建模为随时间变化的变量。我们建议将降级作为随时间变化的暴露包括在内,并使用逆治疗概率加权边际结构模型来针对随时间变化的混杂因素进行适当调整。我们在有向无环图中描绘了所有潜在的混杂因素,以说明暴露(降级)和结果(死亡率)之间的所有关联。临床稳定性是这种关联中的重要混杂因素,应将其建模为随时间变化的变量。我们建议将降级作为随时间变化的暴露包括在内,并使用逆治疗概率加权边际结构模型来针对随时间变化的混杂因素进行适当调整。
更新日期:2020-04-20
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