Abstract Injection-induced seismicity has become a major barrier to the development of geothermal energy, because the complexity of fault behaviors and the lack of physical fundamentals make it extremely difficult to assess, predict, and control during geothermal energy extraction. The motivations of this review include, (1) to identify the recent advances in understanding and modelling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), and (2) to apply the THMC processes for improving our ability to predict the occurrence of the anthropogenic earthquakes. Fault activation is associated with several processes, including pore pressure diffusion, temperature alteration and stress-aided corrosion, and can be simulated by pore-scale modelling. However, there is still a rudimentary understanding of how these processes fit together with the spatial and temporal distribution of the induced earthquakes. Uncertainty in the seismic moment prediction, such as the interaction between the reservoir operations and fault responses, hinders the development of EGS. The current challenges in the earthquake prediction include the quantification of stress state, complexity of reservoir structure, and proper strategy of fluid injection. Cyclic soft stimulation and borehole seismometer feedback have been successfully used to mitigate the risks associated with fluid injection. Nevertheless, in some circumstances, the activation of nearby blind, critically stressed faults is uncontrollable, no matter how much fluid is injected into the reservoir.

中文翻译：

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了解增强型地热系统中注入诱发的地震活动：从热-水-机械-化学耦合过程到人为地震预测

摘要 注入诱发地震活动已成为地热能开发的主要障碍，因为断层行为的复杂性和物理基础的缺乏使得地热能开采过程中的评估、预测和控制极其困难。本综述的动机包括，(1) 确定增强地热系统 (EGS) 中热-水-机械-化学 (THMC) 耦合过程的理解和建模的最新进展，以及 (2) 将 THMC 过程应用于提高我们预测人为地震发生的能力。断层激活与几个过程有关，包括孔隙压力扩散、温度变化和应力辅助腐蚀，并且可以通过孔隙尺度建模进行模拟。然而，对于这些过程如何与诱发地震的空间和时间分布相结合，人们仍然没有初步的了解。地震矩预测的不确定性，例如储层操作和断层响应之间的相互作用，阻碍了EGS的发展。当前地震预测面临的挑战包括应力状态的量化、储层结构的复杂性以及适当的流体注入策略。循环软增产和钻孔地震仪反馈已成功用于降低与流体注入相关的风险。然而，在某些情况下，无论将多少流体注入储层，附近的盲、临界应力断层的激活都是无法控制的。