Some sedentary marine invertebrates have the potential to modify the environments they experience by moving, even as adults. Of particular interest are sea anemones, which, despite appearing immobile, can move throughout their lives. Individual locomotion may mitigate changes in environment conditions and, therefore, play an important role in the natural history of sea anemones, especially in naturally variable and/or stochastic environments. Sea anemones that associate with algal endosymbionts may respond to changes in nutrition, both autotrophic (from algae) and heterotrophic (from prey). Here, we describe the adult movement behaviors and asexual reproduction of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana in response to changes in food availability and photosymbiont density. Anemones were collected from mangrove roots in the Florida Keys USA (24° 49′ 21.91″ N, 80° 48′ 37.95″ W) during January 2016 and exposed to a factorial experiment in which food availability and exposure to temperature shock were manipulated. Sea anemones exhibited a variety of responses, including (1) increased crawling along the substrate in response to starvation, (2) increased detachment from the substrate and reattachment in a new location in response to starvation, and (3) increased production of motile asexual clones in response to both starvation and temperature-induced changes in symbiont density. These responses are shaped not only by the direct consequences to the sea anemone, but also by the effects on the symbiotic algae, which exchange sugars, lipids, and oxygen for nutrients within the host. Observed patterns of movement and reproduction are likely advantageous for life in the dynamic mangrove root fouling communities where this anemone species occurs. The ability to disperse as an adult may give this otherwise sedentary invertebrate an advantage in naturally stochastic conditions or in rapidly changing environments.

中文翻译：

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共生体寄主海葵 Exaiptasia diaphana 中成体运动和无性繁殖的营养驱动因素

一些久坐不动的海洋无脊椎动物有可能通过移动来改变它们所经历的环境，即使是成年后也是如此。特别令人感兴趣的是海葵，尽管它们看起来是不动的，但它们一生都可以移动。个体运动可以减轻环境条件的变化，因此在海葵的自然历史中发挥重要作用，尤其是在自然变化和/或随机环境中。与藻类内共生体相关的海葵可能会对自养（来自藻类）和异养（来自猎物）的营养变化做出反应。在这里，我们描述了海葵 Exaiptasia diaphana 的成年运动行为和无性繁殖，以响应食物供应和光共生体密度的变化。海葵是从美国佛罗里达群岛 (24° 49' 21. 2016 年 1 月，北纬 91 英寸，西经 80° 48 英尺 37.95 英寸），并进行了一项因子实验，在该实验中，食物供应和暴露于温度冲击受到了操纵。海葵表现出多种反应，包括 (1) 响应饥饿而增加沿基质爬行，(2) 响应饥饿，增加从基质的脱离和重新附着在新位置，以及 (3) 增加能动的无性繁殖克隆响应饥饿和温度引起的共生体密度变化。这些反应不仅取决于对海葵的直接影响，还取决于对共生藻类的影响，共生藻类在宿主体内交换糖、脂质和氧气以获得营养。观察到的运动和繁殖模式可能有利于这种海葵物种出现的动态红树林根污染群落中的生命。成年后分散的能力可能使这种久坐不动的无脊椎动物在自然随机条件或快速变化的环境中具有优势。