The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), previously known as B biotype, is a major agricultural pest with a reputation for developing resistance to insecticides. DNA‐based identification revealed that B. tabaci MEAM1 is the dominant species within Australian cotton cropping. Discriminating doses of 10 mg/L for pyriproxyfen and 300 mg/L for both diafenthiuron and bifenthrin were determined from bioassay data collected in 2010–2015. Resistance to these insecticides was tested in whitefly populations collected in 2017 from cotton crops in Queensland and New South Wales. This study reports on the presence of pyriproxyfen resistance in B. tabaci MEAM1 at seven locations in Queensland and New South Wales. One population from Goondiwindi was resistant to bifenthrin, whereas no populations tested had resistance to diafenthiuron. To determine the presence of resistance alleles to organophosphates and pyrethroids, reference populations of susceptible and resistant whiteflies (pyriproxyfen, bifenthrin and neonicotinoid) were tested. The resistance mutation L925I was found in a pyrethroid‐resistant population and in some individuals from the pyriproxyfen‐resistant population. The mutation F331W that confers organophosphate and carbamate resistance was found in all individuals tested including the susceptible reference population, indicative of a widespread distribution in Australian B. tabaci MEAM1. The cotton industry has revised the insecticide resistance management strategy for B. tabaci, to restrict the usage of pyriproxyfen to a single application within a 30‐day window. Our results argue against the use of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in Australian cotton, because B. tabaci MEAM1 populations show significant resistance levels. Furthermore, both pesticide groups are highly disruptive to a diverse range of natural enemy populations, and as such, widespread use likely contributes to pest outbreaks.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚棉花生产谷地中烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci MEAM1）（半翅目：Aleyrodidae）的抗药性状况

粉虱烟粉虱中东，小亚细亚1（MEAM1），以前被称为B型，是一个重要的农业害虫具有发展对杀虫剂抗性的声誉。基于DNA的鉴定表明，烟粉虱MEAM1是澳大利亚棉花种植中的优势种。根据2010-2015年收集的生物测定数据确定了吡吡洛芬的区分剂量为10 mg / L，而泛苯噻隆和联苯菊酯的区分剂量为300 mg / L。在2017年从昆士兰州和新南威尔士州的棉花作物中收集的粉虱种群中测试了对这些杀虫剂的抗药性。这项研究报告了烟粉虱中对吡吡氧芬有抗药性MEAM1在昆士兰州和新南威尔士州的七个地点。Goondiwindi的一个种群对联苯菊酯有抗药性，而没有测试的种群对地芬硫隆有抗药性。为了确定是否存在对有机磷酸酯和拟除虫菊酯的抗性等位基因，测试了易感和抗性粉虱的参考种群（吡rip昔芬，联苯菊酯和新烟碱）。在对拟除虫菊酯有抗药性的人群和对吡吡氧芬有抗药性的人群中发现了抗性突变L925I。在所有测试的个体（包括易感参考人群）中均发现了赋予有机磷酸酯和氨基甲酸酯抗性的突变F331W，这表明在澳大利亚烟粉虱中广泛分布MEAM1。棉花行业已经修订了烟粉虱的杀虫剂抗药性管理策略，以限制在30天的时间范围内仅将吡ip昔芬的使用限制在一次。我们的研究结果反对在澳大利亚棉花中使用有机磷酸盐和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂，因为烟粉虱MEAM1种群显示出显着的抗性水平。此外，这两种农药对多种天敌都有极高的破坏力，因此，广泛使用可能导致虫害暴发。