The development of new, large-scale tools to evaluate water resources is critical to understanding the long-term sustainability of this resource under future land use, climate change, and population growth. In cold and humid regions it is imperative that such tools consider the hydrologic complexities associated with permafrost and groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interactions, as these factors are recognized to have significant influence on the global water cycle. In this work we present a physics-based, three-dimensional, fully-integrated GW-SW model for Continental Canada constructed with the HydroGeoSphere simulation platform. The Canadian Continental Basin Model (CCBM) domain, which covers approximately 10.5 million km², is discretized using an unstructured control-volume finite element mesh that conforms to key river basin boundaries, lakes, and river networks. In order to construct the model, surficial geology maps were assembled, which were combined with near-surface information and bedrock geology into a seven-layer subsurface domain. For the large-scale demonstration, the model was used to simulate historic groundwater levels, surface water flow rates (R²=0.85), and lake levels (R²=0.99) across the domain, with results showing that these targets are well reproduced. To demonstrate the regional-scale utility, simulation results were used to perform a regional groundwater flow analysis for western Canada and a water balance analysis for the Laurentian Great Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario). The outcome of this work demonstrates that large-scale fully-integrated hydrologic modeling is possible and can be employed to quantify components of a large-scale water balance that are otherwise difficult or impossible to obtain.

开发新的大型水资源评估工具对于了解未来土地利用，气候变化和人口增长下该资源的长期可持续性至关重要。在寒冷和潮湿的地区，这些工具必须考虑与多年冻土和地下水-地表水（GW-SW）相互作用相关的水文复杂性，因为这些因素被认为对全球水循环具有重大影响。在这项工作中，我们展示了使用HydroGeoSphere仿真平台为加拿大大陆建立的基于物理学的三维完全集成GW-SW模型。加拿大大陆盆地模式（CCBM）领域，覆盖约1,050万平方公里²使用非结构化控制体积有限元网格离散化，该网格符合关键的流域边界，湖泊和河流网络。为了构建模型，组装了表面地质图，将其与近地表信息和基岩地质学组合成一个七层地下区域。对于大规模演示，该模型用于模拟历史地下水位，地表水流速（R ² = 0.85）和湖泊水位（R ²= 0.99），结果表明这些目标被很好地复制。为了证明该区域规模的效用，使用模拟结果对加拿大西部进行了区域地下水流量分析，并对Laurentian大湖（上层，密歇根州，休伦，伊利和安大略省）进行了水平衡分析。这项工作的结果表明，大规模的全集成水文模型是可能的，并且可以用来量化难以或不可能获得的大规模水平衡的组成部分。