We identified cultivable fungi present in the glacial ice fragments collected in nine sites across Antarctica Peninsula and assessed their abilities to produce bioactive compounds. Three ice fragments with approximately 20 kg were collected, melted and 3 L filtered through of 0.45 µm sterilized membranes, which were placed on the media Sabouraud agar and minimal medium incubated at 10 °C. We collected 66 isolates classified into 27 taxa of 14 genera. Penicillium palitans, Penicillium sp. 1, Thelebolus balaustiformis, Glaciozyma antarctica, Penicillium sp. 7, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Rhodotorula dairenensis had the highest frequencies. The diversity and richness of the fungal community were high with moderate dominance. Penicillium species were present in all samples, with Penicillium chrysogenum showing the broadest distribution. P. chrysogenum, P. palitans, and Penicillium spp. had trypanocidal, leishmanicidal, and herbicidal activities, with P. chrysogenum having the broadest and highest capability. ¹H NMR signals revealed the presence of highly functionalized secondary metabolites in the bioactive extracts. Despite extreme environmental conditions, glacial ice harbours a diverse fungal community, including species never before recorded in the Arctic and Antarctica. Among them, Penicillium taxa may represent wild fungal strains with genetic and biochemical pathways that may produce new secondary bioactive metabolites.

中文翻译：

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南极冰川冰中的真菌：生物活性化合物的多样性，分布和生物勘探。

我们确定了南极半岛九个地点收集的冰川冰碎片中存在的可培养真菌，并评估了它们产生生物活性化合物的能力。收集三个大约20公斤的冰块，融化，并通过0.45 µm无菌膜过滤3 L，将其置于Sabouraud琼脂培养基上，并在10°C下温育基本培养基。我们收集了66个分离株，分为14个属的27个分类单元。青霉青霉，Penicillium sp.。1，Thelebolus balaustiformis，南极Glaciozyma，Penicillium sp。7，粘液红假单胞菌和大仁红假单胞菌具有最高的频率。真菌群落的多样性和丰富性很高，具有中等优势。在所有样品中都存在青霉菌种，而产黄青霉菌显示出最广泛的分布。P. chrysogenum，P。palitans和Penicillium spp。具有锥虫杀，利什曼杀虫和除草活性，而产黄青霉具有最广泛和最高的能力。^1个1 H NMR信号揭示了生物活性提取物中存在高度官能化的次级代谢产物。尽管环境条件极端恶劣，但冰川冰还是拥有多样化的真菌群落，其中包括北极和南极洲从未有过的物种。其中， 青霉类群可能代表具有遗传和生化途径的野生真菌菌株，可能产生新的次生生物活性代谢产物。