The Permo-carboniferous glacio-marine Talchir Formation of Dudhi Nala, West Bokaro Coal Basin, India, hosts soft-sediment deformation structures that originated from liquefaction and concomitant fluidization of unconsolidated sediments at or close to the sediment–water interface. Since liquefaction of water saturated sediments may be initiated by different endogenic or exogenic triggering agents, identification of the trigger needs careful analysis of the deformation structure, as well as depositional mechanism and environment of deposition of the host sediments. In-depth analysis of the studied liquefaction- and fluidization-induced soft-sediment deformation structures and sedimentary attributes of the host sediments of the studied succession unequivocally stand against the role of strong wave and tidal action, rapid sediment loading, mass-flow and subaqueous slides related shear stress, and water or gas seepage as the triggering agent. However, development of the soft-sediment deformation structures, close to sediment–water interface, closeness to syn-sedimentary fault, flowage along the tilt towards the fault, confinement within undeformed beds, episodic character and close similarities with structures that are formed during recent earthquakes, are consistent with seismic triggering for liquefaction. The studied shallow marine sediments record a sequel of climatic amelioration, glacial retreat, shallow marine sedimentation, glacio-isostatic rebound and related syn-sedimentary faulting and development of soft-sediment deformation structures.

印度西博卡罗煤炭盆地Dudhi Nala的高石炭纪冰川-海洋Talchir地层拥有软沉积变形结构，其起源于沉积物-水界面处或附近的未固结沉积物的液化和伴随的流化作用。由于含水饱和沉积物的液化可能是由不同的内源性或外源性引发剂引发的，因此，对触发物的识别需要仔细分析变形结构以及宿主沉积物的沉积机理和沉积环境。深入分析研究的液化和流化引起的软沉积变形结构和研究演替的宿主沉积物的沉积属性，明确地反对强波和潮汐作用，快速的沉积物负荷，质量流和水下滑道与剪切应力有关，并且水或气体渗漏作为触发剂。然而，软沉积物变形结构的发展，接近沉积物-水界面，靠近沉积沉积物的断层，沿断层向倾斜方向的流动，在未变形的地层内的封闭，地层特征以及与最近形成的结构的相似性地震与液化的地震触发是一致的。研究的浅海沉积物记录了气候改善，冰川退缩，浅海沉积，冰川等静回弹以及相关的同沉积断裂和软沉积变形结构发育的后遗症。软沉积物变形结构的发展，靠近沉积物-水界面，靠近沉积沉积断层，沿断裂向倾斜方向流动，限制在未变形的地层内，具有偶发性，并且与最近地震形成的结构具有相似性，与地震触发液化一致 研究的浅海沉积物记录了气候改善，冰川退缩，浅海沉积，冰川等静回弹以及相关的同沉积断裂和软沉积变形结构发育的后遗症。软沉积物变形结构的发展，靠近沉积物-水界面，靠近沉积沉积断层，沿断裂向倾斜方向流动，限制在未变形的地层内，具有偶发性，并且与最近地震形成的结构具有相似性，与地震触发液化一致 研究的浅海沉积物记录了气候改善，冰川退缩，浅海沉积，冰川等静回弹以及相关的同沉积断裂和软沉积变形结构发育的后遗症。地震的特征和与最近地震形成的结构的相似性与地震触发液化一致。研究的浅海沉积物记录了气候改善，冰川退缩，浅海沉积，冰川等静回弹以及相关的同沉积断裂和软沉积变形结构发育的后遗症。地震的特点和与最近地震形成的结构的相似性与地震触发液化一致。研究的浅海沉积物记录了气候改善，冰川退缩，浅海沉积，冰川等静回弹以及相关的同沉积断裂和软沉积变形结构发育的后遗症。