Menopause is directly related to a systemically low grade of inflammation, indicating that postmenopausal women might be more prone to the development of inflammation. The high levels of circulating follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) may cause hypogonadal bone loss during postmenopausal osteoporosis independent of estrogen. Previous research revealed that FSH could aggravate alveolar bone loss during experimental periapical lesions in ovariectomized rats; however, the mechanisms for these effects remain unclear. In this study, we showed that FSH enhanced the expression and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha to a significant degree in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. Furthermore, FSH upregulated Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (pg LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrated that FSH increased the levels of the aforementioned cytokines in the serum and enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 at both the messenger RNA and protein levels in hPDL cells and periodontal tissues. Our research suggests that high FSH levels may regulate the immune status of periodontal tissues during the postmenopausal period and, to a certain extent, suggested that postmenopausal women might be more prone to the development of inflammation of the periapical periodontitis and more obvious bone loss.

中文翻译：

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促卵泡激素通过调节牙周组织中细胞因子的释放来加剧根尖周炎症的进展。

更年期与全身性低度炎症直接相关，表明绝经后女性可能更容易发生炎症。高水平的循环促卵泡激素 (FSH) 可能导致绝经后骨质疏松症期间性腺功能减退性骨质流失，与雌激素无关。既往研究表明，FSH 可加重去卵巢大鼠实验性根尖周病变过程中的牙槽骨丢失；然而，这些影响的机制仍不清楚。在本研究中，我们发现 FSH 在人牙周膜 (hPDL) 细胞中显着增强促炎细胞因子白细胞介素 (IL)-1β、IL-6 和肿瘤坏死因子 α 的表达和分泌。此外，FSH 上调牙龈卟啉单胞菌脂多糖 (pg LPS) 诱导的促炎细胞因子产生。此外，体内研究表明，FSH 增加了血清中上述细胞因子的水平，并在 hPDL 细胞和牙周组织的信使 RNA 和蛋白质水平上增强了 Toll 样受体 4 的表达。我们的研究表明，高 FSH 水平可能调节绝经后牙周组织的免疫状态，并在一定程度上提示绝经后妇女可能更容易发生根尖周炎的炎症和更明显的骨质流失。体内研究表明，FSH 增加了血清中上述细胞因子的水平，并增强了 hPDL 细胞和牙周组织中信使 RNA 和蛋白质水平的 Toll 样受体 4 的表达。我们的研究表明，高 FSH 水平可能调节绝经后牙周组织的免疫状态，并在一定程度上提示绝经后妇女可能更容易发生根尖周炎的炎症和更明显的骨质流失。体内研究表明，FSH 增加了血清中上述细胞因子的水平，并增强了 hPDL 细胞和牙周组织中信使 RNA 和蛋白质水平的 Toll 样受体 4 的表达。我们的研究表明，高 FSH 水平可能调节绝经后牙周组织的免疫状态，并在一定程度上提示绝经后妇女可能更容易发生根尖周炎的炎症和更明显的骨质流失。