The present study investigated the neural dynamics of error processing in both the time and frequency domains, as well as associated behavioral phenomena, at the single-trial level. We used a technique that enabled us to separately investigate the evoked and induced aspects of the EEG signal (Cohen & Donner, 2013, Journal of Neurophysiology, 110[12], 2752-2763). We found that at the single-trial level, while the (evoked) error-related negativity (ERN) predicted only post-error slowing (PES)-and only when errors occurred on incongruent trials-induced frontal midline theta power served as a robust predictor of both PES and post-error accuracy (PEA) regardless of stimulus congruency. Mediation models of both electrophysiological indices demonstrated that although the relationship between theta and PEA was mediated by PES, there was not a relationship between the ERN and PEA. Our data suggest that although the ERN and frontal midline theta index functionally related underlying cognitive processes, they are not simply the same process manifested in different domains. In addition, our findings are consistent with the adaptive theory of post-error slowing, as PES was positively associated with post-error accuracy at the single-trial level. More generally, our study provides additional support for the inclusion of a time-frequency approach to better understand the role of medial frontal cortex in action monitoring.

中文翻译：

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对比时域和频域：ERN 和诱导的 theta 振荡不同地预测错误后行为。

本研究在单次试验水平上研究了时域和频域中错误处理的神经动力学以及相关的行为现象。我们使用了一种技术，使我们能够分别研究 EEG 信号的诱发和诱发方面（Cohen & Donner，2013，Journal of Neurophysiology，110[12]，2752-2763）。我们发现，在单次试验水平上，虽然（诱发的）错误相关负性 (ERN) 仅预测错误后减速 (PES)，并且仅当错误发生在不一致的试验中时，诱发的额叶中线 theta 功率才起到了稳健的作用无论刺激一致性如何，PES 和误差后准确度 (PEA) 的预测因子。两种电生理指标的介导模型表明，虽然 theta 和 PEA 之间的关系是由 PES 介导的，ERN 和 PEA 之间没有关系。我们的数据表明，虽然 ERN 和额叶中线 theta 指数在功能上相关的潜在认知过程，但它们并不是在不同领域表现出来的相同过程。此外，我们的发现与错误后减缓的适应性理论一致，因为 PES 与单次试验级别的错误后准确性正相关。更一般地说，我们的研究为包含时频方法以更好地理解内侧额叶皮层在动作监测中的作用提供了额外的支持。我们的发现与错误后减速的自适应理论一致，因为 PES 与单次试验级别的错误后准确性正相关。更一般地说，我们的研究为包含时频方法以更好地理解内侧额叶皮层在动作监测中的作用提供了额外的支持。我们的发现与错误后减速的自适应理论一致，因为 PES 与单次试验级别的错误后准确性正相关。更一般地说，我们的研究为包含时频方法以更好地理解内侧额叶皮层在动作监测中的作用提供了额外的支持。