Subtribe Vrieseinae comprise four genera, Alcantarea, Stigmatodon, Vriesea s.s. and Waltillia, encompassing c. 20% of species in Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae), almost all of which are exclusive to Brazil. Here, we explore the biogeographic history of Vrieseinae, sampling 21 of the 22 genera of Tillandsioideae (130 terminals) and three DNA sequence markers (two plastid: rps16-trnK and matK; one nuclear: PHYC). We inferred a dated phylogeny and the ancestral areas of this lineage through RASP (reconstruct ancestral state in phylogeny) analyses. Vrieseinae were recovered as monophyletic, but tribe Vrieseeae (subtribe Vrieseinae + subtribe Cipuropsidinae) were not. A vicariant event between the Andes and Brazilian Shield probably occurred c. 10 Mya, when two clades, Cipuropsidineae + Tillandsieae and Vrieseineae, diverged. The Atlantic Forest plus the Chacoan region is recognized as the ancestral area for Vrieseinae. The results confirmed the recent origin of genera of Vrieseinae, with estimated crown ages in the Pliocene (5.3–2.6 Mya). We propose that the Paranaean Sea influenced the divergence of the main clades; Pleistocene events were probably responsible for the diversification of the most recent clades. This study sheds light on the biogeographic history of a key group of Neotropical plants, providing a new hypothesis for the evolution of bromeliads.

中文翻译：

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巴西铁兰科（亚属Vrieseinae，凤梨科）的历史生物地理：被认为是主要的维多利亚时代事件的巴拉那海

Vrieseinae部落包括四个属，Alcantarea，Stigmatodon，Vriesea ss和Waltillia，包括c。铁兰科（凤梨科）中有20％的物种，几乎所有这些物种都是巴西独有的。在这里，我们探讨了金缕梅的生物地理历史，对铁兰科的22个属中的21个（130个末端）进行了采样，并采样了三个DNA序列标记（两个质体：rps16-trnK和matK；一个核：PHYC）。我们通过RASP（在系统发育中重建祖先状态）分析推断出一个过时的系统发育和该谱系的祖先区域。Vrieseinae被恢复为单系的，但Vrieseeae部落（Vrieseinae子部落+ Cipuropsidinae部落）则没有。安第斯山脉和巴西盾之间发生的残暴事件c。10个Mya，当两个分支，Cipuropsidineae + Tillandsieae和Vrieseineae分开时。大西洋森林加上Chacoan地区被认为是Vrieseinae的祖传地区。结果证实了弗里塞纳科的最近起源，估计上新世的冠龄（5.3-2.6 Mya）。我们认为，巴拉那海影响了主要进化枝的分歧。更新世事件可能是导致最近进化枝多样化的原因。这项研究揭示了一组关键的新热带植物的生物地理历史，为凤梨科植物的进化提供了新的假设。