OBJECTIVE We investigated whether physical exercise interventions improve cognitive functioning in nondementia populations. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of meta-analyses including only randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two reviewers completed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, PsychInfo, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials. Study characteristics, effect size data, and heterogeneity estimates were extracted and presented in tabular form. Methodological quality was assessed by 2 reviewers using the AMSTAR-2 checklist. The validity of results was considered based on AMSTAR-2 scores and study characteristics. RESULTS We included 11 meta-analyses: 6 focused on disease-free older adults and 5 on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) excluding dementia. These meta-analyses summarized 97 unique RCTs. Methodological quality ranged from critically low to high. For overall cognitive functioning, which was the outcome of 6 meta-analyses, 1 showed improvement due to exercise interventions in disease-free older adults (g = 0.29, P < .01), while 2 reported nonsignificant effects. In patients with MCI, 3 meta-analyses reported significant benefits of exercise interventions on overall cognitive functioning (g = 0.25-0.57, P < .01). For cognitive domains such as attention and memory, there was limited evidence of beneficial effects of exercise demonstrated in either disease-free or MCI samples. CONCLUSIONS Exercise may improve overall cognitive functioning in disease-free older adults, but there is too little high-quality evidence to conclude whether this is achieved through improvement in any of the specific cognitive domains assessed. There is clearer evidence that exercise may improve cognitive functioning in MCI, but again there is limited evidence across most cognitive domains.

中文翻译：

---

针对非痴呆样本中认知功能和认知领域的体育锻炼干预：荟萃分析的系统评价。

目的 我们调查了体育锻炼干预是否能改善非痴呆人群的认知功能。方法 我们对仅包括随机对照试验 (RCT) 的荟萃分析进行了系统评价。两位评审员完成了对 PubMed、Embase、PsychInfo 和 Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials 的系统检索。研究特征、效应量数据和异质性估计被提取并以表格形式呈现。方法学质量由 2 位评审员使用 AMSTAR-2 检查表进行评估。基于 AMSTAR-2 评分和研究特征考虑结果的有效性。结果 我们纳入了 11 项荟萃分析：6 项侧重于无病老年人，5 项侧重于不包括痴呆的轻度认知障碍 (MCI)。这些荟萃分析总结了 97 项独特的 RCT。方法学质量从极低到高不等。对于整体认知功能，这是 6 项荟萃分析的结果，1 项显示由于运动干预对无病老年人的改善（g = 0.29，P < .01），而 2 项报告没有显着影响。在 MCI 患者中，3 项荟萃分析报告了运动干预对整体认知功能的显着益处（g = 0.25-0.57，P < .01）。对于注意力和记忆力等认知领域，在无病或 MCI 样本中证明运动有益效果的证据有限。结论 运动可以改善无病老年人的整体认知功能，但高质量的证据太少，无法得出结论，这是否可以通过改善任何特定的认知领域来实现。