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Fight intensity correlates with stronger and more mechanically efficient weapons in three species of Aegla crabs
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-16 , DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02834-z
Alexandre V. Palaoro , Paulo Enrique Cardoso Peixoto , Fernando Benso-Lopes , Danessa Schardong Boligon , Sandro Santos

In many species, individuals contest resources using specialized morphologies to overpower rivals, hereafter referred to as weapons. Despite their importance in fights, little is known about the selective forces affecting weapon evolution. This may be particularly important to understand why weapons are highly variable among species. Due to their role during fighting, we expect that whenever fighting becomes more important for individual fitness so should the intensity of selection on weapon strength and morphology (which affect the efficiency of a weapon during combat). If true, we expect species that fight more intensely to have stronger and more mechanically efficient weapons. We tested this idea using males of three species of Aegla crabs (A. longirostri, A. abtao, and A. denticulata) that vary in their fight intensity. We compared the muscle size, the mechanical advantage (a proxy for the efficiency of the movable finger of the claw), and the correlation between weapon biomechanics and overall weapon shape (a proxy for the efficiency of the entire claw) among the species. We found that species with more intense fights presented stronger claws, higher mechanical advantage, and less variation in the regression between biomechanics and overall shape. Interestingly, the species with the largest claws were not the most mechanically efficient, suggesting that weapon size is not the sole factor behind weapon evolution. We conclude that fight intensity might be an important factor affecting weapon biomechanics, which ultimately might lead to a better understanding of weapon evolution. Animals fight using specialized morphologies to overpower rivals—termed weapons. Given the importance of fighting on leaving descendants to the next generation, weapon features related to winning fights are probably under selection. If true, then species in which fighting is more important should have stronger and more mechanically efficient weapons. Our results suggest that this might be true: Aegla crabs that fight more intensely have stronger and more efficient weapons (their claws). Interestingly, we also show that size is not the sole predictor of a better claw—muscle mass and mechanical efficiency might be higher in smaller claws when compared to larger claws. Thus, weapon evolution might not be solely tied to weapon size, but also to weapon morphology and mechanical efficiency.

中文翻译:

在三种 Aegla 蟹中,战斗强度与更强大、机械效率更高的武器相关

在许多物种中,个体使用专门的形态来争夺资源以压倒对手,以下称为武器。尽管它们在战斗中很重要,但人们对影响武器进化的选择性力量知之甚少。这对于理解为什么武器在物种之间差异很大可能特别重要。由于它们在战斗中的作用,我们预计每当战斗对个人健康变得更加重要时,对武器强度和形态的选择强度也应该如此(这会影响武器在战斗中的效率)。如果属实,我们希望战斗更激烈的物种拥有更强大、机械效率更高的武器。我们使用战斗强度不同的三种 Aegla 蟹(A. longirostri、A. abtao 和 A. denticulata)的雄性来测试这个想法。我们比较了物种之间的肌肉大小、机械优势(代表爪子可移动手指的效率)以及武器生物力学与整体武器形状(代表整个爪子的效率)之间的相关性。我们发现,战斗更激烈的物种表现出更强的爪子,更高的机械优势,以及生物力学和整体形状之间回归的较小变化。有趣的是,爪子最大的物种并不是机械效率最高的物种,这表明武器尺寸并不是武器进化的唯一因素。我们得出结论,战斗强度可能是影响武器生物力学的一个重要因素,最终可能会导致更好地了解武器进化。动物使用特殊的形态进行战斗以压倒对手 - 称为武器。鉴于战斗对于将后代留给下一代的重要性,与赢得战斗相关的武器功能可能正在选择中。如果属实,那么战斗更重要的物种应该拥有更强大和机械效率更高的武器。我们的结果表明这可能是真的:战斗更激烈的 Aegla 蟹拥有更强大、更有效的武器(它们的爪子)。有趣的是,我们还表明,大小并不是更好的爪子的唯一预测因素——与较大的爪子相比,较小的爪子的肌肉质量和机械效率可能更高。因此,武器进化可能不仅仅与武器尺寸有关,还与武器形态和机械效率有关。与赢得战斗相关的武器功能可能正在选择中。如果属实,那么战斗更重要的物种应该拥有更强大和机械效率更高的武器。我们的结果表明这可能是真的:战斗更激烈的 Aegla 蟹拥有更强大、更有效的武器(它们的爪子)。有趣的是,我们还表明,大小并不是更好的爪子的唯一预测因素——与较大的爪子相比,较小的爪子的肌肉质量和机械效率可能更高。因此,武器进化可能不仅仅与武器尺寸有关,还与武器形态和机械效率有关。与赢得战斗相关的武器功能可能正在选择中。如果属实,那么战斗更重要的物种应该拥有更强大和机械效率更高的武器。我们的结果表明这可能是真的:战斗更激烈的 Aegla 蟹拥有更强大、更有效的武器(它们的爪子)。有趣的是,我们还表明,大小并不是更好的爪子的唯一预测因素——与较大的爪子相比,较小的爪子的肌肉质量和机械效率可能更高。因此,武器进化可能不仅仅与武器尺寸有关,还与武器形态和机械效率有关。战斗更激烈的埃格拉蟹拥有更强大和更有效的武器(它们的爪子)。有趣的是,我们还表明,大小并不是更好的爪子的唯一预测因素——与较大的爪子相比,较小的爪子的肌肉质量和机械效率可能更高。因此,武器进化可能不仅仅与武器尺寸有关,还与武器形态和机械效率有关。战斗更激烈的埃格拉蟹拥有更强大和更有效的武器(它们的爪子)。有趣的是,我们还表明,大小并不是更好的爪子的唯一预测因素——与较大的爪子相比,较小的爪子的肌肉质量和机械效率可能更高。因此,武器进化可能不仅仅与武器尺寸有关,还与武器形态和机械效率有关。
更新日期:2020-04-16
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