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Novel insights into salinity-induced lipogenesis and carotenogenesis in the oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: a multi-omics study.
Biotechnology for Biofuels ( IF 6.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-16 , DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01714-y
Xuemei Mao 1 , Yu Zhang 1 , Xiaofei Wang 1 , Jin Liu 1
Affiliation  

Background Chromochloris zofingiensis, a freshwater alga capable of synthesizing both triacylglycerol (TAG) and astaxanthin, has been receiving increasing attention as a leading candidate producer. While the mechanism of oleaginousness and/or carotenogenesis has been studied under such induction conditions as nitrogen deprivation, high light and glucose feeding, it remains to be elucidated in response to salt stress, a condition critical for reducing freshwater footprint during algal production processes. Results Firstly, the effect of salt concentrations on growth, lipids and carotenoids was examined for C. zofingiensis, and 0.2 M NaCl demonstrated to be the optimal salt concentration for maximizing both TAG and astaxanthin production. Then, the time-resolved lipid and carotenoid profiles and comparative transcriptomes and metabolomes were generated in response to the optimized salt concentration for congruent analysis. A global response was triggered in C. zofingiensis allowing acclimation to salt stress, including photosynthesis impairment, ROS build-up, protein turnover, starch degradation, and TAG and astaxanthin accumulation. The lipid metabolism involved a set of stimulated biological pathways that contributed to carbon precursors, energy and reductant molecules, pushing and pulling power, and storage sink for TAG accumulation. On the other hand, salt stress suppressed lutein biosynthesis, stimulated astaxanthin biosynthesis (mainly via ketolation), yet had little effect on total carotenoid flux, leading to astaxanthin accumulation at the expense of lutein. Astaxanthin was predominantly esterified and accumulated in a well-coordinated manner with TAG, pointing to the presence of common regulators and potential communication for the two compounds. Furthermore, the comparison between salt stress and nitrogen deprivation conditions revealed distinctions in TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis as well as critical genes with engineering potential. Conclusions Our multi-omics data and integrated analysis shed light on the salt acclimation of C. zofingiensis and underlying mechanisms of TAG and astaxanthin biosynthesis, provide engineering implications into future trait improvements, and will benefit the development of this alga for production uses under saline environment, thus reducing the footprint of freshwater.

中文翻译:

产油虾青素藻类 Chromochloris zofingiensis 中盐度诱导的脂肪生成和类胡萝卜素生成的新见解:一项多组学研究。

背景 Chromochloris zofingiensis 是一种能够合成甘油三酯 (TAG) 和虾青素的淡水藻类,作为主要的候选生产者,受到越来越多的关注。虽然已经在氮剥夺、强光和葡萄糖喂养等诱导条件下研究了产油和/或类胡萝卜素生成的机制,但它对盐胁迫的反应仍有待阐明,盐胁迫是减少藻类生产过程中淡水足迹的关键条件。结果 首先,检查了盐浓度对 C. zofingiensis 生长、脂质和类胡萝卜素的影响,证明 0.2 M NaCl 是使 TAG 和虾青素产量最大化的最佳盐浓度。然后,时间分辨的脂质和类胡萝卜素图谱以及比较转录组和代谢组是根据优化的盐浓度生成的,用于全等分析。C. zofingiensis 引发了全球反应,允许适应盐胁迫,包括光合作用受损、ROS 积累、蛋白质周转、淀粉降解以及 TAG 和虾青素积累。脂质代谢涉及一组受刺激的生物途径,这些途径有助于碳前体、能量和还原剂分子、推力和拉力以及用于 TAG 积累的储存库。另一方面,盐胁迫抑制了叶黄素的生物合成,刺激了虾青素的生物合成(主要通过酮化),但对总类胡萝卜素通量几乎没有影响,导致虾青素以叶黄素为代价积累。虾青素主要被酯化并与 TAG 以协调良好的方式积累,表明这两种化合物存在共同的调节剂和潜在的交流。此外,盐胁迫和缺氮条件之间的比较揭示了 TAG 和虾青素生物合成以及具有工程潜力的关键基因的差异。结论 我们的多组学数据和综合分析揭示了 C. zofingiensis 的盐驯化以及 TAG 和虾青素生物合成的潜在机制,为未来的性状改良提供了工程意义,并将有利于开发这种藻类在盐碱环境下的生产用途,从而减少淡水足迹。指出这两种化合物存在共同的监管机构和潜在的交流。此外,盐胁迫和缺氮条件之间的比较揭示了 TAG 和虾青素生物合成以及具有工程潜力的关键基因的差异。结论 我们的多组学数据和综合分析揭示了 C. zofingiensis 的盐驯化以及 TAG 和虾青素生物合成的潜在机制,为未来的性状改良提供了工程意义,并将有利于开发这种藻类在盐碱环境下的生产用途,从而减少淡水足迹。指出这两种化合物存在共同的监管机构和潜在的交流。此外,盐胁迫和缺氮条件之间的比较揭示了 TAG 和虾青素生物合成以及具有工程潜力的关键基因的差异。结论 我们的多组学数据和综合分析揭示了 C. zofingiensis 的盐驯化以及 TAG 和虾青素生物合成的潜在机制,为未来的性状改良提供了工程意义,并将有利于开发这种藻类在盐碱环境下的生产用途,从而减少淡水足迹。盐胁迫和缺氮条件之间的比较揭示了 TAG 和虾青素生物合成以及具有工程潜力的关键基因的差异。结论 我们的多组学数据和综合分析揭示了 C. zofingiensis 的盐驯化以及 TAG 和虾青素生物合成的潜在机制,为未来的性状改良提供了工程意义,并将有利于开发这种藻类在盐碱环境下的生产用途,从而减少淡水足迹。盐胁迫和缺氮条件之间的比较揭示了 TAG 和虾青素生物合成以及具有工程潜力的关键基因的差异。结论 我们的多组学数据和综合分析揭示了 C. zofingiensis 的盐驯化以及 TAG 和虾青素生物合成的潜在机制,为未来的性状改良提供了工程意义,并将有利于开发这种藻类在盐碱环境下的生产用途,从而减少淡水足迹。
更新日期:2020-04-22
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