Under predation threat, many species produce cues that can serve as crucial sources of information for social companions. For instance, chemical cues released when experiencing a disturbing event (i.e. 'disturbance cues'), such as a predator chase, can lead to antipredator avoidance and increased survival for nearby individuals. These chemicals also have potential to be produced as a voluntary signal for communicating threat to others. We found evidence for this hypothesis by manipulating the shoal familiarity of guppies from populations differing in background predation risk and then presenting their disturbance cues to unfamiliar conspecifics from the same populations. Receivers from low-risk sites increased shoal cohesion and decreased area use regardless of whether the disturbance cues were produced in donor groups where members were familiar or unfamiliar with each other. However, receivers from high-risk sites showed strong antipredator reactions towards disturbance chemicals produced in familiar groups and no response towards those produced in unfamiliar groups, suggesting that donors from high-risk sites may alter the quality or quantity of their disturbance cues to influence familiar individuals to enact predator defences. Because high-risk environments strengthen guppy social networks, these environments may facilitate reliance on chemical disturbance signalling to coordinate group defences with familiar individuals.

中文翻译：

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高风险环境会促进社会上熟悉的特立尼达孔雀鱼中的化学干扰信号。

在捕食威胁下，许多物种产生的线索可以作为社交伴侣的重要信息来源。例如，遇到干扰事件时释放的化学提示（例如“干扰提示”），例如掠食者追逐，可以导致避开掠食者并增加附近个体的生存率。这些化学物质也有可能作为自愿信号产生，以传达对他人的威胁。我们通过操纵背景捕食风险不同的种群的孔雀鱼的浅滩熟悉度，然后将它们的干扰线索呈现给来自相同种群的不熟悉的物种，从而找到了这一假设的证据。来自低风险站点的接收者增加了浅滩的凝聚力，减少了区域使用，而不管成员熟悉或不熟悉的捐助者群体是否产生了干扰提示。但是，来自高风险场所的接收者对熟悉的群体中产生的干扰化学物质表现出强烈的反捕食者反应，而对不熟悉的群体中产生的化学物质没有反应，这表明来自高风险场所的捐赠者可能会改变其干扰线索的质量或数量，从而影响熟悉的个人制定捕食者防御措施。因为高风险的环境会增强孔雀鱼的社交网络，所以这些环境可能会促进对化学干扰信号的依赖，从而与熟悉的个人协调小组的防御措施。高风险场所的接收者对熟悉群体产生的干扰化学物质表现出强烈的反捕食者反应，而对不熟悉群体产生的干扰化学物质没有反应，这表明高风险场所的捐赠者可能会改变其干扰线索的质量或数量，从而影响熟悉的个体。制定掠夺者防御。因为高风险的环境会增强孔雀鱼的社交网络，所以这些环境可能会促进对化学干扰信号的依赖，从而与熟悉的个人协调小组的防御措施。高风险场所的接收者对熟悉群体产生的干扰化学物质表现出强烈的反捕食者反应，而对不熟悉群体产生的干扰化学物质没有反应，这表明高风险场所的捐赠者可能会改变其干扰线索的质量或数量，从而影响熟悉的个体。制定掠夺者防御。因为高风险的环境会增强孔雀鱼的社交网络，所以这些环境可能会促进对化学干扰信号的依赖，从而与熟悉的个人协调小组的防御。这表明来自高风险地点的捐助者可能会改变其干扰线索的质量或数量，以影响熟悉的人制定掠夺者防御。因为高风险的环境会增强孔雀鱼的社交网络，所以这些环境可能会促进对化学干扰信号的依赖，从而与熟悉的个人协调小组的防御措施。这表明来自高风险地点的捐助者可能会改变其干扰线索的质量或数量，以影响熟悉的人制定掠夺者防御。因为高风险的环境会增强孔雀鱼的社交网络，所以这些环境可能会促进对化学干扰信号的依赖，从而与熟悉的个人协调小组的防御措施。