N-myristoylation (MYR) is a crucial fatty acylation catalyzed by N-myristoyltransferases (NMTs) that is likely to have appeared over 2 billion years ago. Proteome-wide approaches have now delivered an exhaustive list of substrates undergoing MYR across approximately 2% of any proteome, with constituents, several unexpected, associated with different membrane compartments. A set of <10 proteins conserved in eukaryotes probably represents the original set of N-myristoylated targets, marking major changes occurring throughout eukaryogenesis. Recent findings have revealed unexpected mechanisms and reactivity, suggesting competition with other acylations that are likely to influence cellular homeostasis and the steady state of the modification landscape. Here, we review recent advances in NMT catalysis, substrate specificity, and MYR proteomics, and discuss concepts regarding MYR during evolution.

N-肉豆蔻酰基化（MYR）是由N-肉豆蔻酰基转移酶（NMT）催化的至关重要的脂肪酰化反应，它可能已出现在20亿年前。蛋白质组范围的方法现在已经提供了涵盖所有蛋白质组中大约2％的详尽MYR底物清单，其中有一些成分出乎意料地与不同的膜室相关联。真核生物中保守的一组<10个蛋白质可能代表了N-肉豆蔻酰化靶标的原始集合，标志着整个真核生物发生的重大变化。最近的发现揭示了意想不到的机制和反应性，表明与其他可能影响细胞动态平衡和修饰态势稳定状态的酰化作用竞争。在这里，我们回顾了NMT催化，底物特异性和MYR蛋白质组学的最新进展，