Modern humans inhabit a variety of environments and are exposed to a plethora of selective pressures, leading to multiple genetic adaptations to local environmental conditions. These include adaptations to climate, UV exposure, disease, diet, altitude, or cultural practice and have generated important genetic and phenotypic differences amongst populations. In recent years, new methods to identify the genomic signatures of natural selection underlying these adaptations, combined with novel types of genetic data (e.g., ancient DNA), have provided unprecedented insights into the origin of adaptive alleles and the modes of adaptation. As a result, numerous instances of local adaptation have been identified in humans. Here, we review the most exciting recent developments and discuss, in our view, the future of this field.

中文翻译：

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人类局部适应的基因组学。

现代人类居住在各种环境中，并承受着过多的选择压力，从而导致对当地环境条件的多种遗传适应。其中包括适应气候，紫外线辐射，疾病，饮食，海拔高度或文化习俗，并在人群之间产生了重要的遗传和表型差异。近年来，识别这些适应基础的自然选择的基因组特征的新方法，结合新颖类型的遗传数据（例如古代DNA），已为适应性等位基因的起源和适应方式提供了空前的见识。结果，在人类中已经发现了许多局部适应的实例。在这里，我们回顾了最激动人心的最新进展，并认为我们将讨论该领域的未来。