New DNA sequencing technologies have uncovered non-coding RNA (ncRNA) as a major player in regulating cellular processes and can no longer be dismissed as “junk” or “dark” RNA. Among the ncRNA, microRNA (miRNA) is arguably the most extensively characterized category and a number of studies have implicated them in regulating critical functions that can influence autoimmune demyelination. Of specific interest to multiple sclerosis (MS), miRNA have been implicated in both regulating immune responses and myelination, thus making them an attractive candidate for both pharmacological intervention and as disease biomarkers. In addition, exosomes, small vesicles secreted by most cell types and present in all body fluids, have been also shown to play roles in immune signaling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes are also being explored as tools for therapeutic delivery and as biomarkers. This article reviews the recent advances in miRNA and exosome profiling in MS and experimental models.

中文翻译：

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多发性硬化症中的 microRNA 和外泌体分析

新的 DNA 测序技术揭示了非编码 RNA (ncRNA) 作为调节细胞过程的主要参与者，不能再被视为“垃圾”或“暗”RNA。在 ncRNA 中，microRNA (miRNA) 可以说是最广泛表征的类别，许多研究表明它们参与调节可影响自身免疫性脱髓鞘的关键功能。对多发性硬化症 (MS) 特别感兴趣的是，miRNA 参与调节免疫反应和髓鞘形成，从而使它们成为药物干预和疾病生物标志物的有吸引力的候选者。此外，外泌体（由大多数细胞类型分泌并存在于所有体液中的小囊泡）也已被证明在免疫信号、炎症和血管生成中发挥作用。所以，外泌体也正在探索作为治疗传递的工具和生物标志物。本文回顾了 MS 和实验模型中 miRNA 和外泌体分析的最新进展。