Exposure to pesticides is a potential concern for pollinators that may forage on plants containing residues. A key element of estimating dietary risk to pollinators is to determine the nature and amount of food consumed by individuals. Recent efforts have focused on honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), of which nectar foragers are thought to be at greatest risk of dietary exposure due to their foraging behavior and high energy requirements for the flight-foraging activities. At upper tiers of pesticide risk assessment for honey bees, field studies with whole colonies are carried out to gauge effects of expected exposures; however, without knowing how much nectar and pollen is being consumed by colonies and the potential variability in these parameters, it is difficult to accurately assess risk under other untested exposure scenarios. The objective of this review was to collate available data from the literature regarding (1) the quantity of nectar required by nectar foragers and (2) the quantities of nectar, pollen, and supplements that are consumed by colonies; the purposes being to develop a database that can be used to improve exposure and risk assessments, and to identify data gaps for further research. A number of studies investigating honey bee energetics have been identified that can be used to estimate sugar requirements for foragers under different conditions (e.g., resting, flying). A few more recent studies have been able to quantify the amount of time foragers spend outside the hive. Factors requiring further investigation include levels of energy expenditure while outside the hive, and the sugar content of available nectars, which may also affect foraging behavior. At the colony level, data on food consumption are sparse and primarily anecdotal. Colony size, management, and location seem to be major factors contributing to differences in nectar foraging and honey production. Further research is needed to better quantify and predict colony use and storage of food resources.

中文翻译：

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个体花蜜觅食者的饮食要求，以及群体水平的花粉和花蜜消费：支持蜜蜂农药暴露评估的审查

对于可能以含有残留物的植物为食的传粉媒介而言，接触农药是一个潜在的问题。评估传粉媒介饮食风险的一个关键因素是确定个人食用的食物的性质和数量。最近的努力集中在蜜蜂 (Apis mellifera) 上，由于它们的觅食行为和飞行觅食活动的高能量需求，其中的花蜜觅食者被认为是饮食暴露的最大风险。在蜜蜂农药风险评估的上层，对整个蜂群进行实地研究，以衡量预期接触的影响；然而，如果不知道菌落消耗了多少花蜜和花粉以及这些参数的潜在可变性，就很难准确评估其他未经测试的暴露情况下的风险。本综述的目的是整理文献中关于 (1) 花蜜觅食者所需的花蜜数量和 (2) 菌落消耗的花蜜、花粉和补充剂的数量的可用数据；目的是开发一个可用于改进暴露和风险评估的数据库，并确定数据差距以供进一步研究。已经确定了许多调查蜜蜂能量学的研究，这些研究可用于估计不同条件下（例如，休息、飞行）觅食者的糖需求量。最近的一些研究已经能够量化觅食者在蜂巢外花费的时间。需要进一步调查的因素包括在蜂巢外的能量消耗水平，以及可用花蜜的糖含量，这也可能影响觅食行为。在殖民地层面，关于食物消费的数据很少，而且主要是传闻。蜂群大小、管理和位置似乎是导致花蜜觅食和蜂蜜生产差异的主要因素。需要进一步研究以更好地量化和预测群体对食物资源的使用和储存。