Key message Windstorms have recently caused noteworthy destruction across the Northern forests of Turkey. The intensive forest management practices applied for more than 60+ years may unknowingly have resulted in wind-sensitive forests in the region. After a storm, the forest service salvages the losses, but no further precaution is taken against future storms. To our knowledge, there has not been any research looking into the cumulative effects of environmental factors on storm damage in Turkish forests. Maxent, which is an ecological niche model, might help decision-makers in developing forest management strategies against storms given its ease of use, known successful performance, and flexible variable evaluation approach. This study revealed that management preferences were mainly responsible for forest storm damage in Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Context Excessive wind cause serious damages to individual trees and forest stands. When unintentionally coupled with the forest management preferences, catastrophic levels of damage might be unavoidable. Aims The main objective was to assess the environmental factors contributing to the impact of a strong windstorm that occurred between March 14 and 15, 2013 and resulted in 1.5-million m 3 timber losses in the Kastamonu Regional Directorate of Forestry. Methods Maximum entropy modeling (Maxent) and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to evaluate the factors contributing to the forest damage. Results Stand type, diameter class, and elevation were the most important variables affecting the level of wind damage. The pure and mixed coniferous stands were the hardest hit when compared with the deciduous stands. The damage increased as the density of forest roads grew. Conclusion It was concluded that windstorms pose serious threats to Turkish forests. Storm damage risks must therefore be integrated into forest management. In order to better understand the environmental factors contributing to the destructive effects of windstorms in forests, it would be best to focus on the telltale signs pointing the wrong-doing in forest management preferences at larger environmental scale rather than looking for reasons behind the occurrences of scattered small-scale damage.

中文翻译：

---

环境因素和森林管理对土耳其景观尺度森林风暴破坏的影响

关键信息 风暴最近对土耳其北部森林造成了显着的破坏。应用了 60 多年的集约化森林管理实践可能在不知不觉中导致该地区形成了对风敏感的森林。风暴过后，森林服务部门会挽救损失，但不会对未来的风暴采取进一步的预防措施。据我们所知，还没有任何研究调查环境因素对土耳其森林风暴破坏的累积影响。Maxent 是一种生态位模型，鉴于其易用性、已知的成功性能和灵活的变量评估方法，它可能有助于决策者制定抵御风暴的森林管理策略。这项研究表明，管理偏好是造成卡斯塔莫努省森林风暴破坏的主要原因，火鸡。背景 过大的风对个别树木和林分造成严重破坏。当无意中与森林管理偏好相结合时，灾难性的损害可能是不可避免的。目标 主要目标是评估导致 2013 年 3 月 14 日至 15 日期间发生的强风暴影响的环境因素，该风暴导致 Kastamonu 地区林业局损失 150 万立方米的木材。方法利用最大熵模型（Maxent）和地理信息系统（GIS）对森林破坏的影响因素进行评价。结果林分类型、直径等级和海拔是影响风害水平的最重要变量。与落叶林相比，纯针叶林和混合针叶林受灾最严重。随着森林道路密度的增加，损害也随之增加。结论 结论是风暴对土耳其森林构成严重威胁。因此，必须将风暴破坏风险纳入森林管理。为了更好地了解导致森林风暴破坏性影响的环境因素，最好将重点放在在更大环境范围内指出森林管理偏好错误行为的迹象，而不是寻找发生风暴的原因。分散的小范围损坏。