Scarcity of fossil fuels and their emissions have led energy policymakers to look for alternative renewable and clean energy sources. In line with this target, biomass is a promising alternative source for the generation of clean energy and the development of a sustainable society. The use of animal and agricultural wastes is one of the very promising renewable energy alternatives paving the way for a more sustainable energy network. Animal and agricultural wastes as biomass sources do not endanger food security and mitigate environmental impacts and may therefore considerably contribute to an appropriate waste management. As a result, converting animal and agricultural wastes to energy is a challenging issue that has attracted the attention of academic and industrial researchers. A multi-echelon multi-objective model is developed to design a sustainable supply chain for bioenergy generation through the anaerobic digestion process. The model maximizes economic and social objective functions, representing direct economic profits and positive social externalities such as job creation and economic development, respectively. Factors affecting the international supply chain include imports of intermediate production equipment, exports of a final product, international business terms applied, customs duties, and foreign exchange rates. Bioenergy and fertilizers are outputs considered in this study; the former to be converted to electricity in a biogas plant to meet domestic demands, and the latter to be exported. A case study for the Golestan province is used to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model. The results support the potential for three biogas power plants in Gonbad-e-Kavoos, with an annual production capacity of about 1000 tons of fertilizer and an electricity supply for 101,556 households per month. There is still a broad field of promising avenues for future research. Studying uncertainty in different supply chain parameters and using robust optimization to deal with uncertainties are recommended approaches.

中文翻译：

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厌氧消化技术生产生物能源的可持续生物质网络设计模型：使用农业残留物和牲畜粪便

化石燃料及其排放的稀缺性导致能源政策制定者寻找替代性可再生和清洁能源。与这个目标一致，生物质是产生清洁能源和发展可持续社会的有希望的替代来源。动物和农业废物的使用是非常有前途的可再生能源替代方案之一，为建立更可持续的能源网络铺平了道路。作为生物质来源的动物和农业废物不会危及粮食安全并减轻环境影响，因此可能对适当的废物管理做出重大贡献。结果，将动物和农业废物转化为能源是一个具有挑战性的问题，引起了学术和工业研究人员的关注。建立了多级多目标模型，以设计通过厌氧消化过程产生生物能源的可持续供应链。该模型使经济和社会目标函数最大化，分别代表直接的经济利润和积极的社会外部性，例如创造就业机会和经济发展。影响国际供应链的因素包括中间生产设备的进口，最终产品的出口，适用的国际商业条款，关税和外汇汇率。生物能源和肥料是本研究中考虑的产出；前者将在沼气厂转换为电力以满足国内需求，而后者将出口。以Golestan省为例，评估了该模型的有效性。结果证明了在Gonbad-e-Kavoos的三个沼气发电厂的潜力，该发电厂的年生产能力约为1000吨化肥，每月可为101,556户家庭供电。未来的研究仍然有广阔的前景。建议的方法是研究不同供应链参数中的不确定性并使用鲁棒优化来处理不确定性。