The Muensterelloidea is a superfamily of teudopseid octobrachians with a posteriorly patella‐shaped gladius. A morphometric comparison based on 148 muensterelloid gladii has yielded five new species accommodated in three new genera: Engeseriteuthis arcuatus gen. et sp. nov., Muensterella jillae sp. nov., Muensterella spinosa sp. nov., Tyrionella fauseri gen. et sp. nov. and Muensterellina johnjagti gen. et sp. nov. Cretaceous taxa ‘Tusoteuthis’ cobbani and ‘Muensterella’ tonii are re‐combined and placed within the genus Enchoteuthis. We introduce categories for gladius proportions applicable for both muensterelloid and non‐muensterelloid octobrachian gladii. A 2D‐landmark analysis including 64 muensterelloid and non‐muensterelloid gladii statistically confirms that the Muensterelloidea possess the smallest median field sizes of all Mesozoic gladii. We consider the lateral field‐dominated ‘gladius’ of the family Patelloctopodidae (Patelloctopus, Pearceiteuthis) to be vestigial (i.e. shorter than the mantle length) suggesting that the Patelloctopodidae are the last shared ancestors of incirrate and cirrate octopods. According to a phylogenetic analysis based on 31 gladius characters, the Muensterelloidea mainly consists of the ‘Muensterella‐Enchoteuthidae’ and the ‘patelloctopodid’ clade. Ancestral character state reconstructions suggest that an increasing posterior growth front is accompanied by a continuous decrease of the median field length. This milestone in the evolution of the octopod gladius vestige occurred between the Early and Middle Jurassic. The benthic life style of incirrate octopods (including Cretaceous palaeoctopodids) was adopted by Jurassic Patelloctopodidae, which arose from nectonic to nectobenthic teudopseid ancestors. There is currently no evidence to suggest a pelagic origin for benthic octopods.

中文翻译：

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Muensterelloidea：中生代干章鱼的系统发育和特征进化

Muensterelloidea是由假udo鱼八足纲动物组成的超家族，其后牙骨呈glad骨状。基于148个曼氏黄glad的形态计量学比较，已在三个新属中容纳了五个新种：弓形虫（Engeseriteuthis arcuatus gen）。等。十一月，Muensterella jillae sp。十一月，Muensterella spinosa sp.。十一月，Tyrionella fauseri gen。等。十一月 和Muensterellina johnjagti gen。等。十一月 白垩纪类群“托斯特巨鱿属” cobbani和“ Muensterella ” tonii是重新合并，并放置在属内Enchoteuthis。我们介绍了适用于曼氏和非曼氏八爪鱼的剑角怪的比例类别。2D地标分析包括64个muensterelloid和非muensterelloid剑兰，从统计学上证实了Muensterelloidea拥有所有中生剑兰中最小的中场大小。我们认为，Pat蝶科（Patelloctopus，Pearceiteuthis）的侧场主导的“ gladius”是残留的（即比地幔长度短），表明Pat蝶科是最后的共享的祖先，它们是不规则的和环状的章鱼。根据基于31个剑毛虫字符的系统发育分析，Muensterelloidea主要由' MuensterellaE虫科和pat螨科。祖先特征状态的重建表明，后部生长锋的增加伴随着中场长度的持续减小。章鱼角兽遗迹演化的这一里程碑发生在侏罗纪早期和中期。侏罗纪Pat龙科采用了不规则的八足动物（包括白垩纪的古动物）的底栖生活方式，这种侏罗纪的八足纲动物从构造上到构造上都是由底栖的拟伪伪造。目前尚无证据表明底栖章鱼的浮游起源。