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Sexually dimorphic phrase organization in the song of the indris (Indri indri).
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-11 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23132 Anna Zanoli 1 , Chiara De Gregorio 1 , Daria Valente 1 , Valeria Torti 1 , Giovanna Bonadonna 1 , Rose Marie Randrianarison 2, 3 , Cristina Giacoma 1 , Marco Gamba 1
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-11 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23132 Anna Zanoli 1 , Chiara De Gregorio 1 , Daria Valente 1 , Valeria Torti 1 , Giovanna Bonadonna 1 , Rose Marie Randrianarison 2, 3 , Cristina Giacoma 1 , Marco Gamba 1
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Animal acoustic communication often takes the form of complex sequences, composed of multiple distinct acoustic units, which can vary in their degree of stereotypy. Studies of sequence variation may contribute to our understanding of the structural flexibility of primates' songs, which can provide essential ecological and behavioral information about variability at the individual, population, and specific level and provide insights into the mechanisms and drivers responsible for the evolutionary change of communicative traits. Several methods have been used for investigating different levels of structural information and sequence similarity in acoustic displays. We studied intra and interindividual variation in the song structuring of a singing primate, the indri (Indri indri), which inhabits the montane rain forests of Madagascar. Indri groups emit duets and choruses in which they combine long notes, short single units, and phrases consisting of a variable number of units (from two to six) with slightly descending frequency. Males' and females' contributions to the song differ in the temporal and frequency structure of song units and repertoire size. We calculated the similarity of phrase organization across different individual contributions using the Levenshtein distance, a logic distance that expressed the minimum cost to convert a sequence into another and can measure differences between two sequences of data. We then analyzed the degree of similarity within and between individuals and found that: (a) the phrase structure of songs varied between reproductive males and females: female structuring of the song showed a higher number of phrases if compared to males; (b) male contributions to the song were overall more similar to those of other males than were female contributions to the song of other females; (c) male contributions were more stereotyped than female contributions, which showed greater individual flexibility. The picture emerging from phrase combinatorics in the indris is in agreement with previous findings of rhythmic features and song repertoire size of the indris, which also suggested that female songs are potentially less stereotyped than those of males.
中文翻译：
indris（Indri indri）歌曲中的性二态短语组织。
动物的声音交流通常采取复杂序列的形式，由多个不同的声音单元组成，这些单元的刻板程度可能有所不同。序列变异的研究可能有助于我们了解灵长类歌曲的结构灵活性，从而可以提供有关个体，种群和特定水平变异性的基本生态和行为信息，并深入了解导致进化变化的机制和驱动因素交际特质。已经使用了几种方法来研究声学显示器中不同级别的结构信息和序列相似性。我们研究了居住在马达加斯加山地雨林中的灵长类动物印地语（Indri indri）的歌曲结构中的内部和个人之间的差异。Indri组合会发出二重奏和合唱，其中它们将长音符，短单个单元和短语组成，这些短语由频率略有下降的可变数量的单元（从2到6）组成。男性和女性对歌曲的贡献在歌曲单位的时间和频率结构以及曲目大小方面有所不同。我们使用Levenshtein距离（该逻辑距离表示将一个序列转换为另一个序列的最低成本，并且可以测量两个数据序列之间的差异）来计算不同个体贡献中短语组织的相似性。然后，我们分析了个体内部和个体之间的相似程度，发现：（a）雄性和雌性之间歌曲的短语结构不同：与男性相比，女性的歌曲结构显示出更多的短语；（b）男性对这首歌的贡献总体上与其他男性相似，而女性对其他女性的歌曲贡献更大；（c）男性的贡献比女性的贡献更加刻板印象，这表明个人的灵活性更大。从印地语中的词组组合词出现的图片与先前发现的印地音的节奏特征和歌曲曲目大小相符，这也表明，女性歌曲的定型性可能低于男性。
更新日期：2020-04-11
中文翻译：
indris（Indri indri）歌曲中的性二态短语组织。
动物的声音交流通常采取复杂序列的形式，由多个不同的声音单元组成，这些单元的刻板程度可能有所不同。序列变异的研究可能有助于我们了解灵长类歌曲的结构灵活性，从而可以提供有关个体，种群和特定水平变异性的基本生态和行为信息，并深入了解导致进化变化的机制和驱动因素交际特质。已经使用了几种方法来研究声学显示器中不同级别的结构信息和序列相似性。我们研究了居住在马达加斯加山地雨林中的灵长类动物印地语（Indri indri）的歌曲结构中的内部和个人之间的差异。Indri组合会发出二重奏和合唱，其中它们将长音符，短单个单元和短语组成，这些短语由频率略有下降的可变数量的单元（从2到6）组成。男性和女性对歌曲的贡献在歌曲单位的时间和频率结构以及曲目大小方面有所不同。我们使用Levenshtein距离（该逻辑距离表示将一个序列转换为另一个序列的最低成本，并且可以测量两个数据序列之间的差异）来计算不同个体贡献中短语组织的相似性。然后，我们分析了个体内部和个体之间的相似程度，发现：（a）雄性和雌性之间歌曲的短语结构不同：与男性相比，女性的歌曲结构显示出更多的短语；（b）男性对这首歌的贡献总体上与其他男性相似，而女性对其他女性的歌曲贡献更大；（c）男性的贡献比女性的贡献更加刻板印象，这表明个人的灵活性更大。从印地语中的词组组合词出现的图片与先前发现的印地音的节奏特征和歌曲曲目大小相符，这也表明，女性歌曲的定型性可能低于男性。
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