Abstract Secondary forests and human-made forest gaps are conspicuous features of tropical landscapes. Yet, behavioral responses to these aspects of anthropogenically modified forests remain poorly investigated. Here, we analyze the effects of small human-made clearings and secondary forests on tropical bats by examining the guild- and species-level activity patterns of phyllostomids sampled in the Central Amazon, Brazil. Specifically, we contrast the temporal activity patterns and degree of temporal overlap of 6 frugivorous and 4 gleaning animalivorous species in old-growth forest and second-growth forest and of 4 frugivores in old-growth forest and forest clearings. The activity patterns of frugivores and gleaning animalivores did not change between old-growth forest and second-growth, nor did the activity patterns of frugivores between old-growth forest and clearings. However, at the species level, we detected significant differences for Artibeus obscurus (old-growth forest vs. second-growth) and A. concolor (old-growth forest vs. clearings). The degree of temporal overlap was greater than random in all sampled habitats. However, for frugivorous species, the degree of temporal overlap was similar between old-growth forest and second-growth; whereas for gleaning animalivores, it was lower in second-growth than in old-growth forest. On the contrary, forest clearings were characterized by increased temporal overlap between frugivores. Changes in activity patterns and temporal overlap may result from differential foraging opportunities and dissimilar predation risks. Yet, our analyses suggest that activity patterns of bats in second-growth and small forest clearings, 2 of the most prominent habitats in humanized tropical landscapes, varies little from the activity patterns in old-growth forest.

中文翻译：

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二次生长和小型森林空地对亚马逊叶蝠的时间活动模式影响不大

摘要 次生林和人工林隙是热带景观的显着特征。然而，对人为改造森林的这些方面的行为反应仍然缺乏研究。在这里，我们通过检查在巴西亚马逊中部采样的叶状昆虫的行会和物种水平活动模式，分析了小型人造空地和次生林对热带蝙蝠的影响。具体来说，我们对比了老林和次生林中 6 种食果动物和 4 种拾荒动物物种以及老林和林空地中的 4 种食果动物的时间活动模式和时间重叠程度。食果动物和拾荒动物的活动模式在老林和次生林之间没有变化，原始森林和空地之间食果动物的活动模式也没有。然而，在物种水平上，我们检测到 Artibeus obscurus（老林与二次林）和 A. concolor（老林与空地）存在显着差异。在所有采样栖息地中，时间重叠程度大于随机。然而，对于食果树种，老生林和次生林的时间重叠程度相似；而对于采集食肉动物来说，二次生长的森林比古老的森林要低。相反，森林空地的特点是食果动物之间的时间重叠增加。活动模式的变化和时间重叠可能是由于不同的觅食机会和不同的捕食风险造成的。然而，