Slow callus growth is a barrier to efficient genetic transformation in some gramineous species. A reformulation of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with additional magnesium sulphate, potassium phosphate, copper sulphate, proline and glutamine, termed WPBS medium, has been developed which improves all aspects of in vitro culture when compared with MS based media. Embryogenic callus could be produced more rapidly from responsive genotypes of sixteen cereal, forage, model and energy grass species, whether using embryos, shoot tips or proliferated meristems as explants. Three species were not transformed due to contamination or unsuitable explant, but thirteen species were transformed using an identical Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, selection and regeneration protocol, including Avena sativa and Oryza sativa. Readily transformable species such as Lolium perenne, Brachypodium distachyon and Festuca arundinacea and recalcitrant species such as Lolium temulentum and Miscanthus sinensis were reliably transformed, while two new species Phalaris arundinacea and viviparous Deschampsia cespitosa were transformed at the first attempt. It is hoped that the use of WPBS media and this general transformation protocol may help to improve the efficiency of grass and cereal transformation.

中文翻译：

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重新配制Murashige和Skoog培养基（WPBS培养基）可改善温带和热带草类和谷物的胚发生，形态发生和转化效率。

愈伤组织生长缓慢是某些禾本科物种有效遗传转化的障碍。与基于MS的培养基相比，已开发出具有另外的硫酸镁，磷酸钾，硫酸铜，脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺的Murashige和Skoog（MS）培养基的配方，可改善体外培养的各个方面。可以使用16种谷物，牧草，模型和能量草的响应基因型更快地产生胚性愈伤组织，无论使用胚芽，芽梢还是增殖的分生组织作为外植体。由于污染或不合适的外植体，没有对3个物种进行转化，但是使用相同的农杆菌介导的转化，选择和再生方案对13个物种进行了转化，包括燕麦和水稻。易于转化的物种，例如黑麦草，短枝曲霉和阿斯通草，顽强的物种，如铁皮草和芒草，已经可靠地进行了转化，而两个新物种and草和活产的德绍普切斯皮托被首次转化。希望使用WPBS培养基和此一般转化方案可以帮助提高草和谷类转化的效率。