Only a few high precision studies of lava and tephra during simultaneous explosive and effusive activity have so far been undertaken. We carried out such measurements by analysis of a unique and homogeneous multi-temporal dataset of high-spatial resolution satellite optical images. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and orthophotos (with 1- and 0.5-m-pixel resolutions respectively) were extracted from six specifically tasked Pleiades tri-stereo pairs of Mt. Etna volcano, between 2011 and 2016. During this period, frequent effusive and explosive events formed lava flow fields and built up the new south-east crater pyroclastic cone. The volumes of lava fields and proximal pyroclastic deposits were measured by comparing the Pleiades DEMs with an aerial photogrammetric DEM updated in 2007. The volumes of all distal deposits were estimated using lava and tephra partitioning from the literature for an Etnean lava fountain. The dense rock equivalent volume of lava and tephra, calculated to be 248.4 ± 2.1 × 10 6 m 3 in total, corresponds to an average output rate of 0.98 m 3 /s over the analysed 8-year period (May 2008–May 2016) and to a multi-event eruption rate of 5.53 m 3 /s for 520 days of activity. The multi-temporal analysis of high-spatial resolution satellite DEMs, here successfully applied to the well-monitored Etna volcano, demonstrated that the tasking of high-spatial resolution satellite images is crucial for fast and effective monitoring during intense volcanic activity (frequent and overlapping eruptive events). This methodology could be used for the monitoring of remote or hazardous volcanoes that are difficult to study by means of repeated field surveys.

中文翻译：

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迈向基于卫星的方法来测量山的喷发量。埃特纳火山使用昴宿星数据集

迄今为止，只有少数对同时发生爆炸和喷发活动的熔岩和火山灰进行了高精度研究。我们通过分析高空间分辨率卫星光学图像的独特且同质的多时相数据集来进行此类测量。数字高程模型 (DEM) 和正射影像（分辨率分别为 1 米和 0.5 米）是从六对特定任务的昴宿星三立体对中提取的。埃特纳火山，2011 年至 2016 年。在此期间，频繁的喷发和爆炸事件形成了熔岩流场，并建立了新的东南火山口火山碎屑锥。熔岩场和近端火山碎屑沉积物的体积是通过比较昴宿星 DEM 与 2007 年更新的航空摄影测量 DEM 来测量的。所有远端沉积物的体积是使用熔岩和火山灰从埃特尼安熔岩喷泉的文献中划分出来的。熔岩和火山灰的致密岩石当量体积计算为总计 248.4 ± 2.1 × 10 6 m 3 ，对应于分析的 8 年期间（2008 年 5 月至 2016 年 5 月）的平均产出率为 0.98 m 3 /s并且在 520 天的活动中达到 5.53 m 3 /s 的多事件喷发率。高空间分辨率卫星 DEM 的多时相分析成功应用于监测良好的埃特纳火山，表明高空间分辨率卫星图像的任务对于在剧烈火山活动（频繁和重叠）期间进行快速有效监测至关重要爆发事件）。