Satellite data (GOES, VIIRS, MODIS, AVHRR) were used in near real-time during the 2016–2017 eruption of Bogoslof volcano, Alaska, to detect explosive eruptive activity and to characterize the resulting volcanic clouds. This study examines satellite data to estimate volcanic cloud heights and mass eruption rates for 47 of the 70 explosive events. Eighteen of the volcanic clouds reached an altitude in excess of 8.5 km asl, where they posed a potential hazard to aviation. We estimate eruption rates were in the range of 10 4 –10 7 kg/s. Eruption durations were available for 28 events, and the total mass of these events was 5.7 × 10 10 kg. Most of the explosions occurred from submarine vents, producing volcanic clouds with water-rich characteristics in satellite data. We infer that these water-rich (phreatomagmatic) events contained ice-coated ash particles, which changed their visible and multispectral characteristics. Only two of the explosions produced clouds with satellite characteristics that would be considered ash-rich. We conclude that these events were relatively dry eruptions with limited access to ocean water. Although some of the explosive events transitioned from submarine to subaerial vents, we observed no change in the character of the volcanic clouds during these transitions. We speculate that enhanced removal of fine-grained volcanic ash likely occurred due to aggregation, with implications for modeling ash transport and fallout. We conclude that the majority of Bogoslof’s water-rich volcanic clouds did contain volcanic ash despite the lack of conventional “ash signature” in satellite data. This has implications for satellite monitoring of future water-rich/shallow submarine eruptions.

中文翻译：

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2016-2017 年博戈斯洛夫火山喷发的卫星观测：富水喷发对航空和火山灰沉降危害的影响

在 2016-2017 年阿拉斯加博戈斯洛夫火山喷发期间，近实时使用卫星数据（GOES、VIIRS、MODIS、AVHRR）来检测爆炸性喷发活动并表征由此产生的火山云。这项研究检查了卫星数据，以估计 70 次爆炸事件中 47 次的火山云高度和大规模喷发率。其中 18 朵火山云达到海拔 8.5 公里以上，对航空构成潜在危险。我们估计喷发率在 10 4 –10 7 kg/s 的范围内。喷发持续时间可用于 28 个事件，这些事件的总质量为 5.7 × 10 10 kg。大多数爆炸发生在海底通风口，产生了卫星数据中具有富水特征的火山云。我们推断这些富含水的（岩浆）事件包含冰覆盖的灰颗粒，这改变了它们的可见光和多光谱特征。只有两次爆炸产生的云具有被认为富含灰烬的卫星特征。我们得出的结论是，这些事件是相对干燥的喷发，无法获得海水。尽管一些爆炸事件从海底喷口过渡到了地面喷口，但我们观察到在这些转变过程中火山云的特征没有变化。我们推测，细粒火山灰的去除可能是由于聚集而发生的，这对灰烬运输和沉降的建模有影响。我们得出结论，尽管卫星数据中缺乏传统的“火山灰特征”，但博戈斯洛夫大部分富含水的火山云确实含有火山灰。