The cell walls of plants and microbes are a central source for bio-renewable energy and the major targets of antibiotics and antifungal agents. It is highly challenging to determine the molecular structure of complex carbohydrates, protein and lignin, and their supramolecular assembly in intact cell walls. This article selectively highlights the recent breakthroughs that employ ¹³C/¹⁵N solid-state NMR techniques to elucidate the architecture of fungal cell walls in Aspergillus fumigatus and the primary and secondary cell walls in a large variety of plant species such as Arabidopsis, Brachypodium, maize, and spruce. Built upon these pioneering studies, we further summarize the underexplored aspects of fungal and plant cell walls. The new research opportunities introduced by innovative methods, such as the detection of proton and quadrupolar nuclei on ultrahigh-field magnets and under fast magic-angle spinning, paramagnetic probes, natural-abundance DNP, and software development, are also critically discussed.

植物和微生物的细胞壁是生物可再生能源的主要来源，也是抗生素和抗真菌剂的主要目标。确定复杂的碳水化合物，蛋白质和木质素的分子结构及其在完整细胞壁中的超分子组装是极富挑战性的。本文有选择地强调了最近的突破，这些突破采用¹³ C / ¹⁵ N固态NMR技术阐明了烟曲霉的真菌细胞壁以及各种植物物种（如拟南芥，短足动物）的一级和二级细胞壁的结构。，玉米和云杉。在这些开创性研究的基础上，我们进一步总结了真菌和植物细胞壁未充分研究的方面。还对通过创新方法引入的新研究机会进行了讨论，例如超高磁场磁体上质子和四极核的检测以及快速魔角旋转，顺磁探针，自然丰度DNP和软件开发。