The space biological effects of plants will drive the development of aerospace science and breeding science. The aim of this study is to reveal changes in the proteome of contemporary plants at different growth and development stages after space flight of rice seeds. We carried the rice seeds (DN416) through the SJ-10 returning satellite and returned to the ground for planting to the three-leaf stage (TLP) and tillering stage (TS) after a 12.5-day orbital flight. We found that the space flight caused the rice germination rate, the TLP plant height, and the number of tillers in the TS decreased by 11.64%, 9.75%, and 9.80%, respectively. In addition, the treatment group ROS and MDA level increased in the TLP and TS. The abundance patterns of proteins in these leaves identified 214 proteins in the TLP and 286 in the TS leaves that were markedly changed. Moreover, our study identified D14 proteins that control plant height and tiller. Our results show that the space environment may affect the downstream signaling mechanism by regulating the level of ROS in the body to achieve a response to the space environment. Meanwhile, the space environment may affect the plant height and tiller of rice by altering the expression of D14 protein and hormone-regulated proteins. Our results reveal changes in the proteome of different growth stages of rice plants, and also reveal the molecular mechanism of space environment regulation of rice plant height and tiller, which provides a new direction for further understanding of space biological effects and space mutation breeding.

植物的空间生物效应将推动航空航天科学和育种科学的发展。这项研究的目的是揭示水稻种子航天飞行后不同生长发育阶段当代植物蛋白质组的变化。我们在经过12.5天的轨道飞行后，将水稻种子（DN416）通过SJ-10返回卫星，并返回地面种植到三叶期（TLP）和分till期（TS）。我们发现，太空飞行导致水稻发芽率，TLP株高和TS分of数分别减少了11.64％，9.75％和9.80％。另外，治疗组的ROS和MDA水平在TLP和TS中升高。这些叶片中蛋白质的丰度模式确定了TLP中的214种蛋白质和TS中的286种蛋白质发生了显着变化。此外，我们的研究还确定了可控制植物高度和分till的D14蛋白。我们的研究结果表明，空间环境可能会通过调节体内ROS的水平来实现对空间环境的响应，从而影响下游信号传导机制。同时，空间环境可能会通过改变D14蛋白和激素调节蛋白的表达而影响水稻的株高和分till。我们的结果揭示了水稻植物不同生长阶段蛋白质组的变化，也揭示了水稻植物高度和分till的空间环境调控分子机制，