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Local and landscape‐scale environmental filters drive the functional diversity and taxonomic composition of spiders across urban greenspaces
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-12 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13636 Yvan A. Delgado de la flor 1 , Kayla I. Perry 1 , Katherine J. Turo 1 , Denisha M. Parker 1 , Jennifer L. Thompson 1 , Mary M. Gardiner 1
中文翻译：
局部和景观尺度的环境过滤器在整个城市绿地中驱动蜘蛛的功能多样性和分类学组成
更新日期：2020-05-12
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-12 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13636 Yvan A. Delgado de la flor 1 , Kayla I. Perry 1 , Katherine J. Turo 1 , Denisha M. Parker 1 , Jennifer L. Thompson 1 , Mary M. Gardiner 1
Affiliation
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- Urban patch colonization and species establishment within cities are restricted by the behavioural, life history and physiological attributes of colonizing species, in conjunction with environmental filtering processes at small and large spatial scales. To enhance the local biodiversity in urban greenspaces, these filtering processes need to be assessed so that greenspace design and management can guide establishment of local species pools.
- We investigated the relative importance of local and landscape‐scale features on spider community assembly using a functional and taxonomic approach. Within the city of Cleveland, Ohio, USA, we established a field experiment wherein control vacant lots, urban meadows, and low‐ and high‐diversity pocket prairies were established across eight neighbourhoods (N = 32). Spiders were sampled during June–August of 2015 and 2016 using pitfall traps and vacuums. Spider functional diversity was assessed using null models, while local and landscape drivers were analysed via canonical partial least squares and clustered image maps.
- Increased mowing was associated with lower‐than‐expected spider functional alpha and beta diversity in 2015. Patch isolation and percentage impervious surface increased the functional dissimilarity and taxonomic diversity of spiders in 2016, resulting in higher‐than‐expected overall functional alpha diversity. We also found that increasing plant height and biomass favoured spiders with large body size and decreased the abundance of small web weavers.
- Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that increasing the amount of impervious surface in cities will act as a strong environmental filter, producing more spatially distinct spider communities at a landscape scale. Additionally, while periodic mowing in vacant lots benefits some spider taxa, it has a negative impact on the establishment of several species, mainly larger spiders and those most sensitive to disturbance. To conserve spiders and the biota depended upon them, investment in managed greenspaces such as pocket prairies that require infrequent mowing is warranted. In doing so, cities can enhance urban biodiversity and beautify local neighbourhoods.
中文翻译：
局部和景观尺度的环境过滤器在整个城市绿地中驱动蜘蛛的功能多样性和分类学组成
- 城市中的城市斑块定居和物种建立受到定居物种的行为，生活史和生理属性的限制，并伴随着大小空间尺度上的环境过滤过程。为了增强城市绿地中的本地生物多样性，需要对这些过滤过程进行评估，以便绿地的设计和管理可以指导建立本地物种库。
- 我们使用功能和分类学方法研究了蜘蛛群落的局部和景观尺度特征的相对重要性。在美国俄亥俄州的克利夫兰市内，我们建立了一个野外试验，在八个社区（N = 32）中建立了对照空地，城市草地以及低和高多样性口袋草原。在2015年6月至2016年8月期间，使用陷阱陷阱和真空吸尘器对蜘蛛进行了采样。使用零模型评估蜘蛛的功能多样性，同时通过规范的偏最小二乘和聚类图像图来分析本地和景观驱动因素。
- 2015年割草增加与蜘蛛的功能性α和β多样性低于预期有关。补丁的分离和不透水表面的百分比在2016年增加了蜘蛛的功能性差异和分类学多样性，导致总体功能性α多样性高于预期。我们还发现，增加植物的高度和生物量有利于大体形的蜘蛛，并减少小型织网者的数量。
- 综合与应用。我们的发现表明，增加城市不透水表面的数量将起到强大的环境过滤器作用，在景观尺度上产生更多空间上不同的蜘蛛群落。此外，虽然在空地上定期修剪可以使一些蜘蛛类群受益，但它对几个物种的建立具有负面影响，主要是较大的蜘蛛和对干扰最敏感的蜘蛛。为了保护蜘蛛及其赖以生存的生物区系，必须在需要经常修剪的可管理绿地（例如口袋大草原）中进行投资。通过这样做，城市可以增强城市生物多样性并美化当地居民区。
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