The protection and sustainable management of habitat trees is an integral part of modern forest nature conservation concepts such as retention forestry. Not only bats and cavity-nesting birds, but also arboreal marsupials and a high diversity of saproxylic species are dependent on habitat trees and their great variety of microhabitats and old-growth characteristics. With a focus on insights from temperate forests, we trace the development of the habitat tree protection idea over two centuries. Foresters and natural scientists first conceptualized the idea of habitat tree protection in the early 19th century. At that time, utilitarian conservation efforts aimed at the protection of cavity trees that provided roosts and nesting holes for insectivorous bats and birds. By the second half of the 19th century, the idea of habitat tree protection was well known to forestry and had been occasionally implemented. The same is true for knowledge on the protection of large old trees, a special kind of habitat trees, for socio-cultural and aesthetic reasons. But many foresters of that time and in the following decades fundamentally rejected habitat tree protection for economic reasons. Beginning in the 1970s, forest nature conservation and integrative forest management became increasingly important issues worldwide. Since then, the protection of habitat trees was practically implemented on a large scale. We conclude that long-term views on the development of conservation concepts are important to inform the implementation of conservation today. In particular, historical analyses of conservation concepts allow the testing of long-term conservation outcomes and make it possible to study the resilience of conservation approaches to changing social or ecological conditions. We encourage all conservation ecologists to assess the practical and conceptual impact of the initial ideas that led to modern conservation concepts in terms of long-term biodiversity conservation. Article impact statement: It took 200 years to implement the habitat-tree protection ideas of far-sighted, trend-setting foresters and natural scientists. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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200 多年来的栖息地树保护概念

栖息地树木的保护和可持续管理是保留林业等现代森林自然保护概念的组成部分。不仅蝙蝠和巢穴鸟类，而且树栖有袋动物和大量腐生物种都依赖于栖息地树木及其种类繁多的微栖息地和古老的生长特征。我们专注于温带森林的见解，追溯了两个世纪以来栖息地树木保护理念的发展。林业工作者和自然科学家在 19 世纪初期首次提出了栖息地树木保护的概念。当时，功利性保护工作旨在保护为食虫蝙蝠和鸟类提供栖息地和筑巢孔的空心树。到 19 世纪下半叶，保护栖息地树木的想法在林业界是众所周知的，偶尔会得到实施。出于社会文化和审美原因，关于保护大型古树的知识也是如此，这是一种特殊的栖息地树木。但当时和随后几十年的许多林务人员出于经济原因从根本上拒绝了栖息地树木保护。从 1970 年代开始，森林自然保护和综合森林管理成为世界范围内越来越重要的问题。此后，栖息地树木的保护工作得到了大规模的实践。我们得出的结论是，关于保护概念发展的长期观点对于今天的保护实施很重要。特别是，保护概念的历史分析可以测试长期保护结果，并可以研究保护方法对不断变化的社会或生态条件的适应力。我们鼓励所有保护生态学家在长期生物多样性保护方面评估导致现代保护概念的初始想法的实际和概念影响。文章影响说明： 有远见、引领潮流的林学家和自然科学家的栖息地-树木保护理念花了200年的时间。本文受版权保护。版权所有。我们鼓励所有保护生态学家在长期生物多样性保护方面评估导致现代保护概念的初始想法的实际和概念影响。文章影响说明： 有远见、引领潮流的林学家和自然科学家的栖息地-树木保护理念花了200年的时间。本文受版权保护。版权所有。我们鼓励所有保护生态学家在长期生物多样性保护方面评估导致现代保护概念的初始想法的实际和概念影响。文章影响说明： 有远见、引领潮流的林学家和自然科学家的栖息地-树木保护理念花了200年的时间。本文受版权保护。版权所有。