The U.S. Air Force (USAF) has pursued development of alternative fuels to augment or replace petroleum-based jet fuels. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) renewable jet fuel is certified for use in commercial and USAF aircraft. HEFA feedstocks include camelina seed oil (Camelina sativa, HEFA-C); rendered animal fat (tallow, HEFA-T); and mixed fats and oils (HEFA-F). The aim of this study was to examine potential toxic effects associated with HEFA fuels exposures. All 3 HEFA fuels were less dermally irritating to rabbits than petroleum-derived JP-8 currently in use. Inhalation studies using male and female Fischer-344 rats included acute (1 day, with and without an 11-day recovery), 5-, 10- or 90-day durations. Rats were exposed to 0, 200, 700 or 2000 mg/m³ HEFA-F (6 hr/day, 5 days/week). Acute, 5 – and 10-day responses included minor urinalysis effects. Kidney weight increases might be attributed to male rat specific hyaline droplet formation. Nasal cavity changes included olfactory epithelial degeneration at 2000 mg/m³. Alveolar inflammation was observed at ≥700 mg/m³. For the 90-day study using HEFA-C, no significant neurobehavioral effects were detected. Minimal histopathological effects at 2000 mg/m³ included nasal epithelium goblet cell hyperplasia and olfactory epithelium degeneration. A concurrent micronucleus test was negative for evidence of genotoxicity. All HEFA fuels were negative for mutagenicity (Ames test). Sensory irritation (RD₅₀) values were determined to be 9578 mg/m³ for HEFA-C and greater than 10,000 mg/m³ for HEFA-T and HEFA-F in male Swiss-Webster mice. Overall, HEFA jet fuel was less toxic than JP-8. Occupational exposure levels of 200 mg/m³ for vapor and 5 mg/m³ for aerosol are recommended for HEFA-based jet fuels.

美国空军（USAF）一直在寻求替代燃料的开发，以增加或替代石油基喷气燃料。加氢处理的酯和脂肪酸（HEFA）可再生喷气燃料经认证可用于商业飞机和USAF飞机。HEFA原料包括山茶花籽油（Camelina sativa，HEFA-C）；提炼动物脂肪（牛油，HEFA-T）；以及混合油脂（HEFA-F）。这项研究的目的是检查与HEFA燃料接触有关的潜在毒性作用。与目前使用的石油衍生的JP-8相比，所有3种HEFA燃料对兔子的皮肤刺激都更少。使用雄性和雌性Fischer-344大鼠进行的吸入研究包括急性（1天，有和没有11天恢复），持续5天，10天或90天。大鼠暴露于0、200、700或2000 mg / m ³HEFA-F（6小时/天，5天/周）。5天和10天的急性反应包括轻微的尿液分析作用。肾脏重量增加可能归因于雄性大鼠特定的透明小滴形成。鼻腔变化包括嗅觉上皮变性，剂量为2000 mg / m ³。在≥700mg / m ³处观察到肺泡炎症。对于使用HEFA-C进行的90天研究，未检测到明显的神经行为影响。2000 mg / m ^3的最小组织病理学影响包括鼻上皮杯状细胞增生和嗅觉上皮变性。并发的微核试验对遗传毒性的证据为阴性。所有HEFA燃料的诱变性均为阴性（Ames试验）。感觉刺激（RD ₅₀对于雄性Swiss-Webster小鼠，HEFA-C的值确定为9578 mg / m ³，HEFA-T和HEFA-F的值大于10,000 mg / m ³。总体而言，HEFA喷气燃料的毒性低于JP-8。对于基于HEFA的喷气燃料，建议职业暴露水平为200 mg / m ³蒸气，气溶胶为5 mg / m ³。