Endogenous viral elements (EVEs), derived from all major types of viruses, have been discovered in many eukaryotic genomes, representing “fossil records” of past viral infections. The endogenization of nudiviruses has been reported in several insects, leading to the question of whether genomic integration is a common phenomenon for these viruses. In this study, genomic assemblies of insects and other arthropods were analyzed to identify endogenous sequences related to Nudiviridae. A total of 359 nudivirus-like genes were identified in 43 species belonging to different groups; however, none of these genes were detected in the known hosts of nudiviruses. A large proportion of the putative EVEs identified in this study encode intact open reading frames or are transcribed as mRNAs, suggesting that they result from recent endogenization of nudiviruses. Phylogenetic analyses of the identified EVEs and inspections of their flanking regions indicated that integration of nudiviruses has occurred recurrently during the evolution of arthropods. This is the first report of a comprehensive screening for nudivirus-derived EVEs in arthropod genomes. The results of this study demonstrated that a large variety of arthropods, especially hemipteran and hymenopteran insects, have previously been or are still infected by nudiviruses. These findings have greatly extended the host range of Nudiviridae and provide new insights into viral diversity, evolution, and host–virus interactions.

中文翻译：

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节肢动物基因组中的裸病毒残余。

内源性病毒元件 (EVE) 源自所有主要类型的病毒，已在许多真核生物基因组中被发现，代表了过去病毒感染的“化石记录”。已在几种昆虫中报道了裸病毒的内源化，导致基因组整合是否是这些病毒的普遍现象的问题。在这项研究中，分析了昆虫和其他节肢动物的基因组组合，以确定与裸病毒科相关的内源序列. 在属于不同类群的 43 个物种中，共鉴定出 359 个类裸病毒基因；然而，在已知的裸病毒宿主中没有检测到这些基因。本研究中发现的大部分假定 EVE 编码完整的开放阅读框或被转录为 mRNA，这表明它们是由最近的裸病毒内源化产生的。对已识别的 EVE 的系统发育分析和对其侧翼区域的检查表明，裸病毒的整合在节肢动物的进化过程中反复发生。这是对节肢动物基因组中裸病毒衍生的 EVE 进行全面筛选的第一份报告。这项研究的结果表明，多种节肢动物，尤其是半翅目和膜翅目昆虫，以前或仍然感染过裸病毒。Nudiviridae，并为病毒多样性、进化和宿主-病毒相互作用提供了新的见解。