Endoparasitoid wasps are important natural enemies of many insect species and are major selective forces on the host immune system. Despite increased interest in insect antiparasitoid immunity, there is sparse information on the evolutionary dynamics of biological pathways and gene regulation involved in host immune defense outside Drosophila species. We de novo assembled transcriptomes from two beetle species and used time-course differential expression analysis to investigate gene expression differences in closely related species Galerucella pusilla and G. calmariensis that are, respectively, resistant and susceptible against parasitoid infection by Asecodes parviclava parasitoids. Approximately 271 million and 224 million paired-ended reads were assembled and filtered to form 52,563 and 59,781 transcripts for G. pusilla and G. calmariensis, respectively. In the whole-transcriptome level, an enrichment of functional categories related to energy production, biosynthetic process, and metabolic process was exhibited in both species. The main difference between species appears to be immune response and wound healing process mounted by G. pusilla larvae. Using reciprocal BLAST against the Drosophila melanogaster proteome, 120 and 121 immune-related genes were identified in G. pusilla and G. calmariensis, respectively. More immune genes were differentially expressed in G. pusilla than in G. calmariensis, in particular genes involved in signaling, hematopoiesis, and melanization. In contrast, only one gene was differentially expressed in G. calmariensis. Our study characterizes important genes and pathways involved in different immune functions after parasitoid infection and supports the role of signaling and hematopoiesis genes as key players in host immunity in Galerucella against parasitoid wasps.

中文翻译：

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不同亲缘关系的两个甲虫物种在被Acecodes parviclava攻击后免疫基因的差异表达。

内寄生性黄蜂是许多昆虫的重要天敌，并且是宿主免疫系统的主要选择力。尽管人们对昆虫抗寄生虫的免疫越来越感兴趣，但果蝇物种之外的宿主免疫防御中涉及的生物途径和基因调控的进化动力学方面的信息稀少。我们从两个甲虫物种重新组装转录组，并使用时程差异表达分析来研究密切相关的物种Galerucella pusilla和G.calariensis的基因表达差异，这些物种分别具有抗药性，并易于被Asecodes parviclava的寄生虫感染。组装并过滤了约2.71亿对和2.24亿对配对的末端读数，并过滤后形成52.563和59,781个G. pusilla和G. Calariensis转录本，分别。在整个转录组水平上，两个物种都表现出与能量产生，生物合成过程和代谢过程有关的功能类别的丰富。物种之间的主要差异似乎是免疫反应和脓疱幼虫引起的伤口愈合过程。使用针对果蝇蛋白质组的相互BLAST，分别在普斯菌和卡氏菌中鉴定了120和121个免疫相关基因。比起Galalariensis，在普氏乳杆菌中差异表达的免疫基因更多，特别是涉及信号传导，造血作用和黑色素化的基因。相反，仅一种基因在G.alarimariensis中差异表达。