The humanized mouse (HM) has emerged as a valuable animal model in cancer research. Engrafted with components of a human immune system and subsequently implanted with tumor tissue from cell lines or in the form of patient‐derived xenografts, the HM provides a unique platform in which the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be evaluated in vivo. This model may also be beneficial in the assessment of potential cancer treatments including immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, to maximize its utility, researchers need to understand the critical factors necessary to ensure that the tumor immune interactions in the HM are representative of those within cancer patients. In most current HM models, the human T cells residing in the HM are educated in a murine thymus, allogeneic to implanted tumor tissue, and/or alloreactive to mouse tissues, making their interaction and reactivity with tumor cells suspect. There are several strategies underway to harmonize the immune‐tumor environment in the HM. Once the essential components of the HM‐tumor TME interface have been identified and understood, the HM model will permit not only the discovery of effective immunotherapy treatments, but it can be used to predict patient responses to great clinical benefit.

中文翻译：

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人性化的小鼠：新兴的翻译潜力。

人源化小鼠（HM）已成为癌症研究中的一种有价值的动物模型。HM植入了人类免疫系统的成分，随后植入了来自细胞系的肿瘤组织或以患者来源的异种移植物的形式植入，提供了一个独特的平台，可以在其中评估肿瘤微环境（TME）。该模型在评估包括免疫检查点抑制剂在内的潜在癌症治疗中也可能是有益的。但是，为了最大程度地发挥其效用，研究人员需要了解确保HM中的肿瘤免疫相互作用代表癌症患者体内的免疫相互作用所必需的关键因素。在大多数当前的HM模型中，位于HM中的人类T细胞是在鼠胸腺中接受教育的，与移植的肿瘤组织同种异体，和/或对小鼠组织具有同种异体，怀疑它们与肿瘤细胞的相互作用和反应性。目前有几种策略可以协调HM中的免疫肿瘤环境。一旦确定并理解了HM-tumor TME界面的基本组成部分，HM模型不仅可以发现有效的免疫疗法，还可以用于预测患者对临床的巨大反应。