Premise The size and shape (physiognomy) of woody, dicotyledonous angiosperm leaves are correlated with climate. These relationships are the basis for multiple paleoclimate proxies. Here we test whether Vitis exhibits phenotypic plasticity and whether physiognomy varies along the vine. Methods We used Digital Leaf Physiognomy (DiLP) to measure leaf characters of four Vitis species from the USDA Germplasm Repository (Geneva, New York) from the 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 leaf‐growing seasons, which had different environmental conditions. Results Leaf shape changed allometrically through developmental stages; early stages were more linear than later stages. There were significant differences in physiognomy in the same developmental stage between the growing seasons, and species had significant differences in mean physiognomy between growing seasons. Phenotypic plasticity was defined as changes between growing seasons after controlling for developmental stage or after averaging all developmental stages. Vitis amurensis and V. riparia had the greatest phenotypic plasticity. North American species exhibited significant differences in tooth area:blade area. Intermediate developmental stages were most likely to exhibit phenotypic plasticity, and only V. amurensis exhibited phenotypic plasticity in later developmental stages. Conclusions Leaves have variable phenotypic plasticity along the vine. Environmental signal was strongest in intermediate developmental stages. This is significant for leaf physiognomic‐paleoclimate proxies because these leaves are likely the most common in leaf litter and reflect leaves primarily included in paleoclimate reconstructions. Early season and early developmental stages have the potential to be confounding factors but are unlikely to exert significant influence because of differential preservation potential.

中文翻译：

---

环境变化和发育对葡萄叶片形状的影响

前提 木质双子叶被子植物叶子的大小和形状（地貌）与气候有关。这些关系是多个古气候代理的基础。在这里，我们测试葡萄是否表现出表型可塑性以及地貌是否沿藤蔓变化。方法 我们使用数字叶面相学 (DiLP) 来测量来自美国农业部种质资源库（日内瓦，纽约）的 2012-2013 年和 2014-2015 年叶子生长季节的四种葡萄属植物的叶子特征，它们具有不同的环境条件。结果 叶片形状在发育阶段发生异速生长；早期阶段比后期阶段更线性。同一发育阶段不同生长季节间面相存在显着差异，物种间生长季节间平均面相存在显着差异。表型可塑性定义为控制发育阶段后或平均所有发育阶段后生长季节之间的变化。Vitis amurensis 和 V. riparia 具有最大的表型可塑性。北美物种在牙齿面积：刀片面积方面表现出显着差异。中间发育阶段最有可能表现出表型可塑性，只有 V. amurensis 在发育后期表现出表型可塑性。结论 叶子沿藤蔓具有可变的表型可塑性。环境信号在中间发育阶段最强。这对于叶面相-古气候代理意义重大，因为这些叶子可能是枯枝落叶中最常见的，并且反映了主要包含在古气候重建中的叶子。