Increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases urges clinicians and researchers to search for new and efficient treatments. Strategies that activate antigen-specific immune tolerance and simultaneously maintain immune reactivity to all other antigens deserve special attention. Accordingly, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) seem to be the best suited for orchestrating these mechanisms by directing T cell immune responses towards a tolerant subtype. Recent advances in understanding cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) make the latter promising candidates for reprogramming APCs towards a tolerant phenotype, and for mediating tolerogenic APC function. Thus, comprehensive studies have been undertaken to describe the interactions of APCs and EVs naturally occurring during immune tolerance induction, as well as to develop EV-based manoeuvres enabling the induction of immune tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the findings of relevant studies, with a special emphasis on future perspectives on their translation to clinical practice.

中文翻译：

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在变态反应和自身免疫中诱导抗原特异性免疫耐受的方法：专注于抗原呈递细胞和细胞外囊泡。

变态反应和自身免疫疾病的患病率上升，促使临床医生和研究人员寻求新的有效治疗方法。激活抗原特异性免疫耐受并同时维持对所有其他抗原的免疫反应性的策略值得特别注意。因此，抗原呈递细胞（APC）似乎最适合通过将T细胞免疫应答导向耐受性亚型来协调这些机制。通过细胞外小泡（EV）理解细胞间通讯的最新进展使后者成为有前途的候选者，可以将APC重新编程为耐受表型，并介导耐受性APC功能。因此，已经进行了全面的研究来描述免疫耐受诱导过程中自然发生的APC和EV的相互作用，以及开发基于EV的操作，从而能够以抗原特异性方式诱导免疫耐受。在这篇综述中，我们总结了相关研究的发现，并特别强调了将其翻译为临床实践的未来观点。