Photocatalytic processes using semiconductors have been widely explored due to their fascinating benefits in environmental remediation. In this study, a four‐factor three‐level Box‐Benkhen design (BBD) was employed to assess the photocatalytic degradation of atenolol (ATL) using immobilized graphene‐TiO₂ as a photocatalyst. The four variables that were considered in the BBD model were the photocatalyst concentration (10%‐20%), pH (4‐9), ATL concentration (10‐30 mg/L), and light intensity (60‐260 W/m²). A monolithic‐type swirl‐flow reactor, which allowed the immobilization of the photocatalyst, was employed in a semi‐batch system to study the photocatalytic degradation kinetics of ATL. The optimum conditions where the highest rate constant (0.667 min⁻¹) was observed were graphene‐TiO₂ concentration of 10%, pH of 6.5, ATL concentration of 30 mg/L, and light intensity of 160 W/m². The developed model well predicted the observed values indicated by a high R² of 0.897. Reaction rate constants obtained herein using graphene‐TiO₂ in immobilized form were compared with slurry system and TiO₂.

中文翻译：

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固定化石墨烯-TiO2复合材料对阿替洛尔光催化降解的响应面优化

由于半导体在环境修复方面的引人入胜的益处，因此广泛研究了使用半导体的光催化工艺。在这项研究中，采用四因素三级Box-Benkhen设计（BBD），以固定化石墨烯-TiO ₂为光催化剂来评估阿替洛尔（ATL）的光催化降解。BBD模型中考虑的四个变量是光催化剂浓度（10％-20％），pH（4-9），ATL浓度（10-30 mg / L）和光强度（60-260 W / m）²）。在半间歇式系统中，采用了可固定光催化剂的整体式旋流反应器，以研究ATL的光催化降解动力学。最高速率常数（0.667 min ^-1）观察到石墨烯-TiO ₂浓度为10％，pH为6.5，ATL浓度为30 mg / L，光强度为160 W / m ²。发达的模型很好地预测了观测值，R ²为0.897。将本文中使用固定化石墨烯-TiO _2的反应速率常数与淤浆体系和TiO ₂进行比较。