Outbreaks of conifer bark beetles in Europe and North America have increased in scale and severity in recent decades. In this study, we identify existing fossil records containing bark beetle remains from the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (~14,000 cal. yr BP) to present day using the online databases Neotoma and BugsCEP and literature searches, and compare these data with modern distribution data of selected tree-killing species. Modern-day observational data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database was used to map recorded distributions from AD 1750 to present day. A total of 53 fossil sites containing bark beetle remains, from both geological and archeological sites, were found during our searches. Fossil sites were fewer in Europe (n = 21) than North America (n = 32). In Europe, 29% of the samples in which remains were found were younger than 1000 cal. yr BP, while in North America, remains were mainly identified from late Glacial (~14,000–11,500 cal. yr BP) sites. In total, the fossil records contained only 8 of 20 species we consider important tree-killing bark beetles in Europe and North America based on their impacts during the last 100 years. In Europe, Ips sexdentatus was absent from the fossil record. In North America, Dendroctonus adjunctus, Dendroctonus frontalis, Dendroctonus jeffreyi, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Dryocoetes confusus, Ips calligraphus, Ips confusus, Ips grandicollis, Ips lecontei, Ips paraconfusus, and Scolytus ventralis were absent. Overall, preserved remains of tree-killing bark beetles are rare in the fossil record. However, by retrieving bulk material from new and existing sites and combining data from identified bark beetle remains with pollen, charcoal, tree rings, and geochemistry, the occurrence and dominance of bark beetles, their outbreaks, and other disturbance events can be reconstructed.

中文翻译：

---

欧洲和北美杀死树木的针叶树皮甲虫的晚冰川和全新世记录：对森林干扰动态的影响

近几十年来，欧洲和北美的针叶树皮甲虫爆发的规模和严重程度有所增加。在这项研究中，我们使用在线数据库 Neotoma 和 BugsCEP 以及文献搜索，确定了包含从末次盛冰期结束（约 14,000 cal. yr BP）到今天的树皮甲虫遗骸的现有化石记录，并将这些数据与现代分布进行比较选定的树木杀戮物种的数据。来自全球生物多样性信息设施 (GBIF) 数据库的现代观测数据用于绘制从公元 1750 年至今的记录分布图。在我们的搜索过程中，共发现了 53 个包含树皮甲虫遗骸的化石遗址，包括地质和考古遗址。欧洲（n = 21）的化石地点少于北美（n = 32）。在欧洲，发现遗骸的样本中有 29% 小于 1000 卡路里。yr BP，而在北美，遗骸主要来自晚冰川（~14,000–11,500 cal. yr BP）地点。根据过去 100 年的影响，化石记录总共只包含 20 个物种中的 8 个，我们认为它们在欧洲和北美是重要的杀树树皮甲虫。在欧洲，化石记录中没有 Ips sexdentatus。在北美，Dendroctonus adjunctus、Dendroctonus frontalis、Dendroctonus jeffreyi、Dendroctonus pseudotsugae、Dryocoetes confusus、Ips calligraphus、Ips confusus、Ips grandiccollis、Ips lecontei、Ips paraconfusus 和 Scolytus ventralis。总的来说，保存下来的杀树皮甲虫的遗骸在化石记录中是罕见的。然而，