To prevent childhood obesity it is critical to identify behavioral phenotypes for overeating, especially among children who are predisposed to obesity. We examined caloric compensation and appetite control in 212 normal-weight (NW) and obese (OB) children, ages 7 to 9, who were at high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) for obesity based on maternal obesity. In a within-subjects crossover design, children ate breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks in the laboratory once a week for two weeks. Children's percentage compensation index (%COMPX) was computed at breakfast. Twenty-five minutes before breakfast, children received one of two compulsory preloads, which varied in energy density (ED) and caloric content [Low ED (LED): 1.00 kcal/g; 100 kcal; High ED (HED): 1.60 kcal/g; 160 kcal]. Children's appetite was measured hourly using Visual Analog Scales, which were used to compute 3-h post-prandial area under the curve (AUCs) after breakfast and the satiety quotient (SQ), which allows between-group comparisons of a fixed amount of a food potency to reduce appetite sensations per unit of intake. There were no significant differences in %COMPX, SQ, or AUC among LR-NW, HR-NW, and HR-OB children (P > 0.10). SQs for Hunger and Prospective Consumption were higher and SQ for Fullness lower after consuming the LED compared to the HED preload (P < 0.009). Further, the SQ and AUC for Desire to Eat and AUC for Prospective Consumption significantly predicted energy intake during the remainder of the day (P < 0.03). In this study, HR-NW children did not differ from LR-NW or HR-OB children in their caloric compensation or appetite control. Foods with a high satiating effect may facilitate appetite control and help to moderate daily energy intake in all children, including at-risk children.

中文翻译：

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不同体重状态和肥胖倾向儿童的热量补偿和食欲控制

为了预防儿童肥胖，确定暴饮暴食的行为表型至关重要，尤其是在易患肥胖症的儿童中。我们检查了 212 名 7 至 9 岁的正常体重 (NW) 和肥胖 (OB) 儿童的热量补偿和食欲控制，这些儿童因母亲肥胖而处于肥胖的高风险 (HR) 或低风险 (LR)。在受试者内交叉设计中，孩子们每周一次在实验室吃早餐、午餐、晚餐和零食，持续两周。在早餐时计算儿童的百分比补偿指数 (%COMPX)。早餐前 25 分钟，儿童接受了两种强制性预负荷中的一种，其能量密度 (ED) 和热量含量各不相同 [低 ED (LED)：1.00 kcal/g；100大卡；高ED（HED）：1.60 kcal/g；160 大卡]。使用视觉模拟量表每小时测量儿童的食欲，用于计算早餐后 3 小时餐后曲线下面积 (AUC) 和饱腹感商数 (SQ)，这允许对固定量的食物效力进行组间比较，以减少每单位摄入量的食欲感觉. LR-NW、HR-NW 和 HR-OB 儿童的 %COMPX、SQ 或 AUC 没有显着差异（P > 0.10）。与 HED 预加载相比，食用 LED 后饥饿和预期消费的 SQ 较高，而饱腹的 SQ 较低（P < 0.009）。此外，进食欲望的 SQ 和 AUC 以及预期消费的 AUC 显着预测了一天剩余时间的能量摄入（P < 0.03）。在这项研究中，HR-NW 儿童在热量补偿或食欲控制方面与 LR-NW 或 HR-OB 儿童没有区别。