Towards an evolutionary history of European-Alpine Trechus ground beetles: Species groups and wing reduction.,Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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Towards an evolutionary history of European-Alpine Trechus ground beetles: Species groups and wing reduction.
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-12 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106822
Markus H Möst ₁ , Martin Donabauer ₂ , Wolfgang Arthofer ₁ , Birgit C Schlick-Steiner ₁ , Florian M Steiner ₁

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The evolution of flight triggered the rise of pterygote insects, but secondary flightlessness has evolved numerous times and is often associated with reduced gene flow among populations and patterns of diversification. With 85 species most of which are wing reduced, the ground beetle genus Trechus in the European Alps may be one such example. Here, we reconstructed a molecular phylogeny using 72 of these species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences as a basis for reconstructing their evolutionary history. We rearranged the species into 20 monophyletic species groups, of which five are novel and 15 were already established but with different species allocated. Wing measurements revealed a strong tendency for wing reduction but also variation within and among species, with the few fully-winged species distributed across multiple species groups containing also wing-reduced species. Using character mapping and phylogenetic independent contrasts, we found that neither distribution area, body size, pigmentation, elevational zone, nor hygrophily explained wing status in our sample. Assessing five completely sampled clades, we inferred that each of their ancestors had most likely already been wing reduced. We discuss putative scenarios explaining this pattern and the presence of wing polymorphism across the phylogeny. One plausible scenario would be an already wing-reduced last common ancestor of all Trechus species and multiple regains of full wing length via back mutation and/or hybridisation. Alternatively and possibly more likely, the ancestors were either fully winged, with subsequent rapid and repeated wing reduction explaining the current wing-status pattern, or polymorphic, with long-term polymorphism or reselection acting on standing genetic variation explaining the recent fully-winged species. Either way, Trechus ground beetles are a promising, taxonomically and ecologically diverse system for studying the evolution of flightlessness. Areas for future research include morphological assessment of flight muscles, functional analysis of flight capability, and exploration of the mechanistic and genetic bases of wing and flight evolution.

中文翻译：

迈向欧洲高山Trechus地面甲虫的进化史：物种群和机翼减少。

飞行的进化引发了翼龙类昆虫的兴起，但是继发性失飞行已经进化了许多次，并且常常与种群之间的基因流减少和多样化模式有关。欧洲阿尔卑斯山的地甲虫属Trechus有85种，其中大多数都减少了机翼，这就是一个例子。在这里，我们基于线粒体和核DNA序列，利用这些物种中的72种来重建分子系统发育，作为重建其进化历史的基础。我们将物种重新划分为20个单系物种组，其中五个是新物种，已经建立了15个，但分配了不同的物种。机翼测量显示出机翼减少的强烈趋势，但物种内部和物种之间也存在差异，少数具有全翅的物种分布在多个物种群中，其中还包括减少翼的物种。使用字符映射和系统发育独立的对比，我们发现样本中的分布区域，体型，色素沉着，高程区域和吸湿性都无法解释机翼状态。在评估了五个完全采样的进化枝后，我们推断他们的每个祖先很可能已经被降低了翅膀。我们讨论了假定的场景，这些场景解释了这种模式以及整个系统发育过程中机翼多态性的存在。一种可能的情况是，所有Trechus物种都已经减少了机翼的最后祖先，并通过反向突变和/或杂交多次获得了完整的机翼长度。另一种可能是，更可能的是，祖先要么全翅，随后的快速而反复的机翼缩小解释了目前的机翼状态模式，即多态性，长期的多态性或重新选择对站立的遗传变异起作用，从而解释了近来的全翅种。无论哪种方式，Trechus地面甲虫都是用于研究失航进化的一种有前途的，分类学上和生态学上多样化的系统。未来研究的领域包括飞行肌肉的形态评估，飞行能力的功能分析以及机翼和飞行进化的机械和遗传基础的探索。在分类学和生态学上多样化的系统，用于研究飞行失误的演变。未来研究的领域包括飞行肌肉的形态评估，飞行能力的功能分析以及机翼和飞行进化的机械和遗传基础的探索。在分类学和生态学上多样化的系统，用于研究飞行失误的演变。未来研究的领域包括飞行肌肉的形态评估，飞行能力的功能分析以及机翼和飞行进化的机械和遗传基础的探索。

更新日期：2020-04-12

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